\input texinfo @c -*- texinfo -*-
+@c %**start of header
+@setfilename qemu-doc.info
+@settitle QEMU Emulator User Documentation
+@exampleindent 0
+@paragraphindent 0
+@c %**end of header
@iftex
-@settitle QEMU CPU Emulator User Documentation
@titlepage
@sp 7
-@center @titlefont{QEMU CPU Emulator User Documentation}
+@center @titlefont{QEMU Emulator}
+@sp 1
+@center @titlefont{User Documentation}
@sp 3
@end titlepage
@end iftex
+@ifnottex
+@node Top
+@top
+
+@menu
+* Introduction::
+* Installation::
+* QEMU PC System emulator::
+* QEMU System emulator for non PC targets::
+* QEMU Linux User space emulator::
+* compilation:: Compilation from the sources
+* Index::
+@end menu
+@end ifnottex
+
+@contents
+
+@node Introduction
@chapter Introduction
+@menu
+* intro_features:: Features
+@end menu
+
+@node intro_features
@section Features
QEMU is a FAST! processor emulator using dynamic translation to
@item
Full system emulation. In this mode, QEMU emulates a full system (for
-example a PC), including a processor and various peripherials. It can
-be used to launch different Operating Systems without rebooting the
-PC or to debug system code.
+example a PC), including one or several processors and various
+peripherals. It can be used to launch different Operating Systems
+without rebooting the PC or to debug system code.
@item
User mode emulation (Linux host only). In this mode, QEMU can launch
@end itemize
-As QEMU requires no host kernel driver to run, it is very safe and
-easy to use.
+QEMU can run without an host kernel driver and yet gives acceptable
+performance.
For system emulation, the following hardware targets are supported:
@itemize
-@item PC (x86 processor)
+@item PC (x86 or x86_64 processor)
+@item ISA PC (old style PC without PCI bus)
@item PREP (PowerPC processor)
+@item G3 BW PowerMac (PowerPC processor)
+@item Mac99 PowerMac (PowerPC processor, in progress)
+@item Sun4m (32-bit Sparc processor)
+@item Sun4u (64-bit Sparc processor, in progress)
+@item Malta board (32-bit MIPS processor)
+@item ARM Integrator/CP (ARM926E or 1026E processor)
+@item ARM Versatile baseboard (ARM926E)
@end itemize
-For user emulation, x86, PowerPC, ARM, and SPARC CPUs are supported.
+For user emulation, x86, PowerPC, ARM, MIPS, and Sparc32/64 CPUs are supported.
+@node Installation
@chapter Installation
-@section Linux
-
-If you want to compile QEMU, please read the @file{README} which gives
-the related information. Otherwise just download the binary
-distribution (@file{qemu-XXX-i386.tar.gz}) and untar it as root in
-@file{/}:
-
-@example
-su
-cd /
-tar zxvf /tmp/qemu-XXX-i386.tar.gz
-@end example
-
-@section Windows
-w
-@itemize
-@item Install the current versions of MSYS and MinGW from
-@url{http://www.mingw.org/}. You can find detailed installation
-instructions in the download section and the FAQ.
-
-@item Download
-the MinGW development library of SDL 1.2.x
-(@file{SDL-devel-1.2.x-mingw32.tar.gz}) from
-@url{http://www.libsdl.org}. Unpack it in a temporary place, and
-unpack the archive @file{i386-mingw32msvc.tar.gz} in the MinGW tool
-directory. Edit the @file{sdl-config} script so that it gives the
-correct SDL directory when invoked.
-
-@item Extract the current version of QEMU.
-
-@item Start the MSYS shell (file @file{msys.bat}).
-
-@item Change to the QEMU directory. Launch @file{./configure} and
-@file{make}. If you have problems using SDL, verify that
-@file{sdl-config} can be launched from the MSYS command line.
-
-@item You can install QEMU in @file{Program Files/Qemu} by typing
-@file{make install}. Don't forget to copy @file{SDL.dll} in
-@file{Program Files/Qemu}.
-
-@end itemize
-
-@section Cross compilation for Windows with Linux
-
-@itemize
-@item
-Install the MinGW cross compilation tools available at
-@url{http://www.mingw.org/}.
+If you want to compile QEMU yourself, see @ref{compilation}.
-@item
-Install the Win32 version of SDL (@url{http://www.libsdl.org}) by
-unpacking @file{i386-mingw32msvc.tar.gz}. Set up the PATH environment
-variable so that @file{i386-mingw32msvc-sdl-config} can be launched by
-the QEMU configuration script.
+@menu
+* install_linux:: Linux
+* install_windows:: Windows
+* install_mac:: Macintosh
+@end menu
-@item
-Configure QEMU for Windows cross compilation:
-@example
-./configure --enable-mingw32
-@end example
-If necessary, you can change the cross-prefix according to the prefix
-choosen for the MinGW tools with --cross-prefix. You can also use
---prefix to set the Win32 install path.
+@node install_linux
+@section Linux
-@item You can install QEMU in the installation directory by typing
-@file{make install}. Don't forget to copy @file{SDL.dll} in the
-installation directory.
+If a precompiled package is available for your distribution - you just
+have to install it. Otherwise, see @ref{compilation}.
-@end itemize
+@node install_windows
+@section Windows
-Note: Currently, Wine does not seem able to launch
-QEMU for Win32.
+Download the experimental binary installer at
+@url{http://www.free.oszoo.org/@/download.html}.
+@node install_mac
@section Mac OS X
-Mac OS X is currently not supported.
-
-@chapter QEMU PC System emulator invocation
-
+Download the experimental binary installer at
+@url{http://www.free.oszoo.org/@/download.html}.
+
+@node QEMU PC System emulator
+@chapter QEMU PC System emulator
+
+@menu
+* pcsys_introduction:: Introduction
+* pcsys_quickstart:: Quick Start
+* sec_invocation:: Invocation
+* pcsys_keys:: Keys
+* pcsys_monitor:: QEMU Monitor
+* disk_images:: Disk Images
+* pcsys_network:: Network emulation
+* direct_linux_boot:: Direct Linux Boot
+* pcsys_usb:: USB emulation
+* gdb_usage:: GDB usage
+* pcsys_os_specific:: Target OS specific information
+@end menu
+
+@node pcsys_introduction
@section Introduction
@c man begin DESCRIPTION
-The QEMU System emulator simulates a complete PC.
-
-In order to meet specific user needs, two versions of QEMU are
-available:
-
-@enumerate
-
-@item
-@code{qemu-fast} uses the host Memory Management Unit (MMU) to simulate
-the x86 MMU. It is @emph{fast} but has limitations because the whole 4 GB
-address space cannot be used and some memory mapped peripherials
-cannot be emulated accurately yet. Therefore, a specific Linux kernel
-must be used (@xref{linux_compile}).
-
-@item
-@code{qemu} uses a software MMU. It is about @emph{two times
-slower} but gives a more accurate emulation.
-
-@end enumerate
-
-QEMU emulates the following PC peripherials:
+The QEMU PC System emulator simulates the
+following peripherals:
@itemize @minus
+@item
+i440FX host PCI bridge and PIIX3 PCI to ISA bridge
@item
-VGA (hardware level, including all non standard modes)
+Cirrus CLGD 5446 PCI VGA card or dummy VGA card with Bochs VESA
+extensions (hardware level, including all non standard modes).
@item
PS/2 mouse and keyboard
@item
-2 IDE interfaces with hard disk and CD-ROM support
+2 PCI IDE interfaces with hard disk and CD-ROM support
@item
Floppy disk
@item
-up to 6 NE2000 network adapters
+NE2000 PCI network adapters
@item
-Serial port
-@item
-Soundblaster 16 card
+Serial ports
+@item
+Creative SoundBlaster 16 sound card
+@item
+ENSONIQ AudioPCI ES1370 sound card
+@item
+Adlib(OPL2) - Yamaha YM3812 compatible chip
+@item
+PCI UHCI USB controller and a virtual USB hub.
@end itemize
+SMP is supported with up to 255 CPUs.
+
+Note that adlib is only available when QEMU was configured with
+-enable-adlib
+
+QEMU uses the PC BIOS from the Bochs project and the Plex86/Bochs LGPL
+VGA BIOS.
+
+QEMU uses YM3812 emulation by Tatsuyuki Satoh.
+
@c man end
+@node pcsys_quickstart
@section Quick Start
Download and uncompress the linux image (@file{linux.img}) and type:
Linux should boot and give you a prompt.
+@node sec_invocation
@section Invocation
@example
General options:
@table @option
+@item -M machine
+Select the emulated machine (@code{-M ?} for list)
+
@item -fda file
@item -fdb file
-Use @var{file} as floppy disk 0/1 image (@xref{disk_images}).
+Use @var{file} as floppy disk 0/1 image (@pxref{disk_images}). You can
+use the host floppy by using @file{/dev/fd0} as filename (@pxref{host_drives}).
@item -hda file
@item -hdb file
@item -hdc file
@item -hdd file
-Use @var{file} as hard disk 0, 1, 2 or 3 image (@xref{disk_images}).
+Use @var{file} as hard disk 0, 1, 2 or 3 image (@pxref{disk_images}).
@item -cdrom file
Use @var{file} as CD-ROM image (you cannot use @option{-hdc} and and
-@option{-cdrom} at the same time).
+@option{-cdrom} at the same time). You can use the host CD-ROM by
+using @file{/dev/cdrom} as filename (@pxref{host_drives}).
@item -boot [a|c|d]
Boot on floppy (a), hard disk (c) or CD-ROM (d). Hard disk boot is
@item -snapshot
Write to temporary files instead of disk image files. In this case,
the raw disk image you use is not written back. You can however force
-the write back by pressing @key{C-a s} (@xref{disk_images}).
+the write back by pressing @key{C-a s} (@pxref{disk_images}).
+
+@item -no-fd-bootchk
+Disable boot signature checking for floppy disks in Bochs BIOS. It may
+be needed to boot from old floppy disks.
@item -m megs
-Set virtual RAM size to @var{megs} megabytes.
+Set virtual RAM size to @var{megs} megabytes. Default is 128 MB.
-@item -initrd file
-Use @var{file} as initial ram disk.
+@item -smp n
+Simulate an SMP system with @var{n} CPUs. On the PC target, up to 255
+CPUs are supported.
@item -nographic
the console. Therefore, you can still use QEMU to debug a Linux kernel
with a serial console.
-@item -enable-audio
+@item -vnc d
-The SB16 emulation is disabled by default as it may give problems with
-Windows. You can enable it manually with this option.
+Normally, QEMU uses SDL to display the VGA output. With this option,
+you can have QEMU listen on VNC display @var{d} and redirect the VGA
+display over the VNC session. It is very useful to enable the usb
+tablet device when using this option (option @option{-usbdevice
+tablet}). When using the VNC display, you must use the @option{-k}
+option to set the keyboard layout.
+
+@item -k language
+
+Use keyboard layout @var{language} (for example @code{fr} for
+French). This option is only needed where it is not easy to get raw PC
+keycodes (e.g. on Macs, with some X11 servers or with a VNC
+display). You don't normally need to use it on PC/Linux or PC/Windows
+hosts.
+
+The available layouts are:
+@example
+ar de-ch es fo fr-ca hu ja mk no pt-br sv
+da en-gb et fr fr-ch is lt nl pl ru th
+de en-us fi fr-be hr it lv nl-be pt sl tr
+@end example
+
+The default is @code{en-us}.
+
+@item -audio-help
+
+Will show the audio subsystem help: list of drivers, tunable
+parameters.
+
+@item -soundhw card1,card2,... or -soundhw all
+
+Enable audio and selected sound hardware. Use ? to print all
+available sound hardware.
+
+@example
+qemu -soundhw sb16,adlib hda
+qemu -soundhw es1370 hda
+qemu -soundhw all hda
+qemu -soundhw ?
+@end example
+
+@item -localtime
+Set the real time clock to local time (the default is to UTC
+time). This option is needed to have correct date in MS-DOS or
+Windows.
+
+@item -full-screen
+Start in full screen.
+
+@item -pidfile file
+Store the QEMU process PID in @var{file}. It is useful if you launch QEMU
+from a script.
+
+@item -win2k-hack
+Use it when installing Windows 2000 to avoid a disk full bug. After
+Windows 2000 is installed, you no longer need this option (this option
+slows down the IDE transfers).
@end table
+USB options:
+@table @option
+
+@item -usb
+Enable the USB driver (will be the default soon)
+
+@item -usbdevice devname
+Add the USB device @var{devname}. @xref{usb_devices}.
+@end table
+
Network options:
@table @option
-@item -n script
-Set TUN/TAP network init script [default=/etc/qemu-ifup]. This script
-is launched to configure the host network interface (usually tun0)
-corresponding to the virtual NE2000 card.
+@item -net nic[,vlan=n][,macaddr=addr][,model=type]
+Create a new Network Interface Card and connect it to VLAN @var{n} (@var{n}
+= 0 is the default). The NIC is currently an NE2000 on the PC
+target. Optionally, the MAC address can be changed. If no
+@option{-net} option is specified, a single NIC is created.
+Qemu can emulate several different models of network card. Valid values for
+@var{type} are @code{ne2k_pci}, @code{ne2k_isa}, @code{rtl8139},
+@code{smc91c111} and @code{lance}. Not all devices are supported on all
+targets.
+
+@item -net user[,vlan=n][,hostname=name]
+Use the user mode network stack which requires no administrator
+priviledge to run. @option{hostname=name} can be used to specify the client
+hostname reported by the builtin DHCP server.
+
+@item -net tap[,vlan=n][,fd=h][,ifname=name][,script=file]
+Connect the host TAP network interface @var{name} to VLAN @var{n} and
+use the network script @var{file} to configure it. The default
+network script is @file{/etc/qemu-ifup}. If @var{name} is not
+provided, the OS automatically provides one. @option{fd=h} can be
+used to specify the handle of an already opened host TAP interface. Example:
-@item -macaddr addr
+@example
+qemu linux.img -net nic -net tap
+@end example
-Set the mac address of the first interface (the format is
-aa:bb:cc:dd:ee:ff in hexa). The mac address is incremented for each
-new network interface.
+More complicated example (two NICs, each one connected to a TAP device)
+@example
+qemu linux.img -net nic,vlan=0 -net tap,vlan=0,ifname=tap0 \
+ -net nic,vlan=1 -net tap,vlan=1,ifname=tap1
+@end example
-@item -tun-fd fd
-Assumes @var{fd} talks to a tap/tun host network interface and use
-it. Read @url{http://bellard.org/qemu/tetrinet.html} to have an
-example of its use.
-@item -user-net
-(Experimental) Use the user mode network stack. This is the default if
-no tun/tap network init script is found.
+@item -net socket[,vlan=n][,fd=h][,listen=[host]:port][,connect=host:port]
-@item -dummy-net
-Use the dummy network stack: no packet will be received on the network
-cards.
+Connect the VLAN @var{n} to a remote VLAN in another QEMU virtual
+machine using a TCP socket connection. If @option{listen} is
+specified, QEMU waits for incoming connections on @var{port}
+(@var{host} is optional). @option{connect} is used to connect to
+another QEMU instance using the @option{listen} option. @option{fd=h}
+specifies an already opened TCP socket.
+
+Example:
+@example
+# launch a first QEMU instance
+qemu linux.img -net nic,macaddr=52:54:00:12:34:56 \
+ -net socket,listen=:1234
+# connect the VLAN 0 of this instance to the VLAN 0
+# of the first instance
+qemu linux.img -net nic,macaddr=52:54:00:12:34:57 \
+ -net socket,connect=127.0.0.1:1234
+@end example
+
+@item -net socket[,vlan=n][,fd=h][,mcast=maddr:port]
+
+Create a VLAN @var{n} shared with another QEMU virtual
+machines using a UDP multicast socket, effectively making a bus for
+every QEMU with same multicast address @var{maddr} and @var{port}.
+NOTES:
+@enumerate
+@item
+Several QEMU can be running on different hosts and share same bus (assuming
+correct multicast setup for these hosts).
+@item
+mcast support is compatible with User Mode Linux (argument @option{eth@var{N}=mcast}), see
+@url{http://user-mode-linux.sf.net}.
+@item Use @option{fd=h} to specify an already opened UDP multicast socket.
+@end enumerate
+
+Example:
+@example
+# launch one QEMU instance
+qemu linux.img -net nic,macaddr=52:54:00:12:34:56 \
+ -net socket,mcast=230.0.0.1:1234
+# launch another QEMU instance on same "bus"
+qemu linux.img -net nic,macaddr=52:54:00:12:34:57 \
+ -net socket,mcast=230.0.0.1:1234
+# launch yet another QEMU instance on same "bus"
+qemu linux.img -net nic,macaddr=52:54:00:12:34:58 \
+ -net socket,mcast=230.0.0.1:1234
+@end example
+
+Example (User Mode Linux compat.):
+@example
+# launch QEMU instance (note mcast address selected
+# is UML's default)
+qemu linux.img -net nic,macaddr=52:54:00:12:34:56 \
+ -net socket,mcast=239.192.168.1:1102
+# launch UML
+/path/to/linux ubd0=/path/to/root_fs eth0=mcast
+@end example
+
+@item -net none
+Indicate that no network devices should be configured. It is used to
+override the default configuration (@option{-net nic -net user}) which
+is activated if no @option{-net} options are provided.
+
+@item -tftp prefix
+When using the user mode network stack, activate a built-in TFTP
+server. All filenames beginning with @var{prefix} can be downloaded
+from the host to the guest using a TFTP client. The TFTP client on the
+guest must be configured in binary mode (use the command @code{bin} of
+the Unix TFTP client). The host IP address on the guest is as usual
+10.0.2.2.
+
+@item -smb dir
+When using the user mode network stack, activate a built-in SMB
+server so that Windows OSes can access to the host files in @file{dir}
+transparently.
+
+In the guest Windows OS, the line:
+@example
+10.0.2.4 smbserver
+@end example
+must be added in the file @file{C:\WINDOWS\LMHOSTS} (for windows 9x/Me)
+or @file{C:\WINNT\SYSTEM32\DRIVERS\ETC\LMHOSTS} (Windows NT/2000).
+
+Then @file{dir} can be accessed in @file{\\smbserver\qemu}.
+
+Note that a SAMBA server must be installed on the host OS in
+@file{/usr/sbin/smbd}. QEMU was tested succesfully with smbd version
+2.2.7a from the Red Hat 9 and version 3.0.10-1.fc3 from Fedora Core 3.
+
+@item -redir [tcp|udp]:host-port:[guest-host]:guest-port
+
+When using the user mode network stack, redirect incoming TCP or UDP
+connections to the host port @var{host-port} to the guest
+@var{guest-host} on guest port @var{guest-port}. If @var{guest-host}
+is not specified, its value is 10.0.2.15 (default address given by the
+built-in DHCP server).
+
+For example, to redirect host X11 connection from screen 1 to guest
+screen 0, use the following:
+
+@example
+# on the host
+qemu -redir tcp:6001::6000 [...]
+# this host xterm should open in the guest X11 server
+xterm -display :1
+@end example
+
+To redirect telnet connections from host port 5555 to telnet port on
+the guest, use the following:
+
+@example
+# on the host
+qemu -redir tcp:5555::23 [...]
+telnet localhost 5555
+@end example
+
+Then when you use on the host @code{telnet localhost 5555}, you
+connect to the guest telnet server.
@end table
-Linux boot specific. When using this options, you can use a given
+Linux boot specific: When using these options, you can use a given
Linux kernel without installing it in the disk image. It can be useful
for easier testing of various kernels.
@end table
-Debug options:
+Debug/Expert options:
@table @option
+
+@item -serial dev
+Redirect the virtual serial port to host character device
+@var{dev}. The default device is @code{vc} in graphical mode and
+@code{stdio} in non graphical mode.
+
+This option can be used several times to simulate up to 4 serials
+ports.
+
+Use @code{-serial none} to disable all serial ports.
+
+Available character devices are:
+@table @code
+@item vc
+Virtual console
+@item pty
+[Linux only] Pseudo TTY (a new PTY is automatically allocated)
+@item none
+No device is allocated.
+@item null
+void device
+@item /dev/XXX
+[Linux only] Use host tty, e.g. @file{/dev/ttyS0}. The host serial port
+parameters are set according to the emulated ones.
+@item /dev/parportN
+[Linux only, parallel port only] Use host parallel port
+@var{N}. Currently only SPP parallel port features can be used.
+@item file:filename
+Write output to filename. No character can be read.
+@item stdio
+[Unix only] standard input/output
+@item pipe:filename
+name pipe @var{filename}
+@item COMn
+[Windows only] Use host serial port @var{n}
+@item udp:[remote_host]:remote_port[@@[src_ip]:src_port]
+This implements UDP Net Console. When @var{remote_host} or @var{src_ip} are not specified they default to @code{0.0.0.0}. When not using a specifed @var{src_port} a random port is automatically chosen.
+
+If you just want a simple readonly console you can use @code{netcat} or
+@code{nc}, by starting qemu with: @code{-serial udp::4555} and nc as:
+@code{nc -u -l -p 4555}. Any time qemu writes something to that port it
+will appear in the netconsole session.
+
+If you plan to send characters back via netconsole or you want to stop
+and start qemu a lot of times, you should have qemu use the same
+source port each time by using something like @code{-serial
+udp::4555@@:4556} to qemu. Another approach is to use a patched
+version of netcat which can listen to a TCP port and send and receive
+characters via udp. If you have a patched version of netcat which
+activates telnet remote echo and single char transfer, then you can
+use the following options to step up a netcat redirector to allow
+telnet on port 5555 to access the qemu port.
+@table @code
+@item Qemu Options:
+-serial udp::4555@@:4556
+@item netcat options:
+-u -P 4555 -L 0.0.0.0:4556 -t -p 5555 -I -T
+@item telnet options:
+localhost 5555
+@end table
+
+
+@item tcp:[host]:port[,server][,nowait]
+The TCP Net Console has two modes of operation. It can send the serial
+I/O to a location or wait for a connection from a location. By default
+the TCP Net Console is sent to @var{host} at the @var{port}. If you use
+the @var{server} option QEMU will wait for a client socket application
+to connect to the port before continuing, unless the @code{nowait}
+option was specified. If @var{host} is omitted, 0.0.0.0 is assumed. Only
+one TCP connection at a time is accepted. You can use @code{telnet} to
+connect to the corresponding character device.
+@table @code
+@item Example to send tcp console to 192.168.0.2 port 4444
+-serial tcp:192.168.0.2:4444
+@item Example to listen and wait on port 4444 for connection
+-serial tcp::4444,server
+@item Example to not wait and listen on ip 192.168.0.100 port 4444
+-serial tcp:192.168.0.100:4444,server,nowait
+@end table
+
+@item telnet:host:port[,server][,nowait]
+The telnet protocol is used instead of raw tcp sockets. The options
+work the same as if you had specified @code{-serial tcp}. The
+difference is that the port acts like a telnet server or client using
+telnet option negotiation. This will also allow you to send the
+MAGIC_SYSRQ sequence if you use a telnet that supports sending the break
+sequence. Typically in unix telnet you do it with Control-] and then
+type "send break" followed by pressing the enter key.
+
+@end table
+
+@item -parallel dev
+Redirect the virtual parallel port to host device @var{dev} (same
+devices as the serial port). On Linux hosts, @file{/dev/parportN} can
+be used to use hardware devices connected on the corresponding host
+parallel port.
+
+This option can be used several times to simulate up to 3 parallel
+ports.
+
+Use @code{-parallel none} to disable all parallel ports.
+
+@item -monitor dev
+Redirect the monitor to host device @var{dev} (same devices as the
+serial port).
+The default device is @code{vc} in graphical mode and @code{stdio} in
+non graphical mode.
+
@item -s
-Wait gdb connection to port 1234 (@xref{gdb_usage}).
+Wait gdb connection to port 1234 (@pxref{gdb_usage}).
@item -p port
Change gdb connection port.
@item -S
Do not start CPU at startup (you must type 'c' in the monitor).
@item -d
Output log in /tmp/qemu.log
+@item -hdachs c,h,s,[,t]
+Force hard disk 0 physical geometry (1 <= @var{c} <= 16383, 1 <=
+@var{h} <= 16, 1 <= @var{s} <= 63) and optionally force the BIOS
+translation mode (@var{t}=none, lba or auto). Usually QEMU can guess
+all thoses parameters. This option is useful for old MS-DOS disk
+images.
+
+@item -L path
+Set the directory for the BIOS, VGA BIOS and keymaps.
+
+@item -std-vga
+Simulate a standard VGA card with Bochs VBE extensions (default is
+Cirrus Logic GD5446 PCI VGA). If your guest OS supports the VESA 2.0
+VBE extensions (e.g. Windows XP) and if you want to use high
+resolution modes (>= 1280x1024x16) then you should use this option.
+
+@item -no-acpi
+Disable ACPI (Advanced Configuration and Power Interface) support. Use
+it if your guest OS complains about ACPI problems (PC target machine
+only).
+
+@item -no-reboot
+Exit instead of rebooting.
+
+@item -loadvm file
+Start right away with a saved state (@code{loadvm} in monitor)
@end table
+@c man end
+
+@node pcsys_keys
+@section Keys
+
+@c man begin OPTIONS
+
During the graphical emulation, you can use the following keys:
@table @key
-@item Ctrl-Shift
-Toggle mouse and keyboard grab.
-@item Ctrl-Shift-f
+@item Ctrl-Alt-f
Toggle full screen
+
+@item Ctrl-Alt-n
+Switch to virtual console 'n'. Standard console mappings are:
+@table @emph
+@item 1
+Target system display
+@item 2
+Monitor
+@item 3
+Serial port
+@end table
+
+@item Ctrl-Alt
+Toggle mouse and keyboard grab.
@end table
-During emulation, if you are using the serial console, use @key{C-a h}
-to get terminal commands:
+In the virtual consoles, you can use @key{Ctrl-Up}, @key{Ctrl-Down},
+@key{Ctrl-PageUp} and @key{Ctrl-PageDown} to move in the back log.
+
+During emulation, if you are using the @option{-nographic} option, use
+@key{Ctrl-a h} to get terminal commands:
@table @key
@item Ctrl-a h
@ignore
-@setfilename qemu
-@settitle QEMU System Emulator
-
@c man begin SEEALSO
The HTML documentation of QEMU for more precise information and Linux
user mode emulator invocation.
@end ignore
-@end ignore
-
-
+@node pcsys_monitor
@section QEMU Monitor
The QEMU monitor is used to give complex commands to the QEMU
@table @option
@item info network
-show the network state
+show the various VLANs and the associated devices
@item info block
show the block devices
@item info registers
show the cpu registers
@item info history
show the command line history
+@item info pci
+show emulated PCI device
+@item info usb
+show USB devices plugged on the virtual USB hub
+@item info usbhost
+show all USB host devices
+@item info capture
+show information about active capturing
+@item info snapshots
+show list of VM snapshots
@end table
@item q or quit
@item screendump filename
Save screen into PPM image @var{filename}.
+@item wavcapture filename [frequency [bits [channels]]]
+Capture audio into @var{filename}. Using sample rate @var{frequency}
+bits per sample @var{bits} and number of channels @var{channels}.
+
+Defaults:
+@itemize @minus
+@item Sample rate = 44100 Hz - CD quality
+@item Bits = 16
+@item Number of channels = 2 - Stereo
+@end itemize
+
+@item stopcapture index
+Stop capture with a given @var{index}, index can be obtained with
+@example
+info capture
+@end example
+
@item log item1[,...]
Activate logging of the specified items to @file{/tmp/qemu.log}.
-@item savevm filename
-Save the whole virtual machine state to @var{filename}.
+@item savevm [tag|id]
+Create a snapshot of the whole virtual machine. If @var{tag} is
+provided, it is used as human readable identifier. If there is already
+a snapshot with the same tag or ID, it is replaced. More info at
+@ref{vm_snapshots}.
-@item loadvm filename
-Restore the whole virtual machine state from @var{filename}.
+@item loadvm tag|id
+Set the whole virtual machine to the snapshot identified by the tag
+@var{tag} or the unique snapshot ID @var{id}.
+
+@item delvm tag|id
+Delete the snapshot identified by @var{tag} or @var{id}.
@item stop
Stop emulation.
@item
Dump 80 16 bit values at the start of the video memory.
-@example
+@smallexample
(qemu) xp/80hx 0xb8000
0x000b8000: 0x0b50 0x0b6c 0x0b65 0x0b78 0x0b38 0x0b36 0x0b2f 0x0b42
0x000b8010: 0x0b6f 0x0b63 0x0b68 0x0b73 0x0b20 0x0b56 0x0b47 0x0b41
0x000b8070: 0x0720 0x0720 0x0720 0x0720 0x0720 0x0720 0x0720 0x0720
0x000b8080: 0x0720 0x0720 0x0720 0x0720 0x0720 0x0720 0x0720 0x0720
0x000b8090: 0x0720 0x0720 0x0720 0x0720 0x0720 0x0720 0x0720 0x0720
-@end example
+@end smallexample
@end itemize
@item p or print/fmt expr
Print expression value. Only the @var{format} part of @var{fmt} is
used.
+@item sendkey keys
+
+Send @var{keys} to the emulator. Use @code{-} to press several keys
+simultaneously. Example:
+@example
+sendkey ctrl-alt-f1
+@end example
+
+This command is useful to send keys that your graphical user interface
+intercepts at low level, such as @code{ctrl-alt-f1} in X Window.
+
+@item system_reset
+
+Reset the system.
+
+@item usb_add devname
+
+Add the USB device @var{devname}. For details of available devices see
+@ref{usb_devices}
+
+@item usb_del devname
+
+Remove the USB device @var{devname} from the QEMU virtual USB
+hub. @var{devname} has the syntax @code{bus.addr}. Use the monitor
+command @code{info usb} to see the devices you can remove.
+
@end table
@subsection Integer expressions
@node disk_images
@section Disk Images
-@subsection Raw disk images
-
-The disk images can simply be raw images of the hard disk. You can
-create them with the command:
+Since version 0.6.1, QEMU supports many disk image formats, including
+growable disk images (their size increase as non empty sectors are
+written), compressed and encrypted disk images. Version 0.8.3 added
+the new qcow2 disk image format which is essential to support VM
+snapshots.
+
+@menu
+* disk_images_quickstart:: Quick start for disk image creation
+* disk_images_snapshot_mode:: Snapshot mode
+* vm_snapshots:: VM snapshots
+* qemu_img_invocation:: qemu-img Invocation
+* host_drives:: Using host drives
+* disk_images_fat_images:: Virtual FAT disk images
+@end menu
+
+@node disk_images_quickstart
+@subsection Quick start for disk image creation
+
+You can create a disk image with the command:
@example
-dd of=myimage bs=1024 seek=mysize count=0
+qemu-img create myimage.img mysize
@end example
-where @var{myimage} is the image filename and @var{mysize} is its size
-in kilobytes.
+where @var{myimage.img} is the disk image filename and @var{mysize} is its
+size in kilobytes. You can add an @code{M} suffix to give the size in
+megabytes and a @code{G} suffix for gigabytes.
+See @ref{qemu_img_invocation} for more information.
+
+@node disk_images_snapshot_mode
@subsection Snapshot mode
If you use the option @option{-snapshot}, all disk images are
considered as read only. When sectors in written, they are written in
a temporary file created in @file{/tmp}. You can however force the
-write back to the raw disk images by pressing @key{C-a s}.
+write back to the raw disk images by using the @code{commit} monitor
+command (or @key{C-a s} in the serial console).
-NOTE: The snapshot mode only works with raw disk images.
+@node vm_snapshots
+@subsection VM snapshots
-@subsection Copy On Write disk images
+VM snapshots are snapshots of the complete virtual machine including
+CPU state, RAM, device state and the content of all the writable
+disks. In order to use VM snapshots, you must have at least one non
+removable and writable block device using the @code{qcow2} disk image
+format. Normally this device is the first virtual hard drive.
-QEMU also supports user mode Linux
-(@url{http://user-mode-linux.sourceforge.net/}) Copy On Write (COW)
-disk images. The COW disk images are much smaller than normal images
-as they store only modified sectors. They also permit the use of the
-same disk image template for many users.
+Use the monitor command @code{savevm} to create a new VM snapshot or
+replace an existing one. A human readable name can be assigned to each
+snapshot in addition to its numerical ID.
-To create a COW disk images, use the command:
+Use @code{loadvm} to restore a VM snapshot and @code{delvm} to remove
+a VM snapshot. @code{info snapshots} lists the available snapshots
+with their associated information:
@example
-qemu-mkcow -f myrawimage.bin mycowimage.cow
+(qemu) info snapshots
+Snapshot devices: hda
+Snapshot list (from hda):
+ID TAG VM SIZE DATE VM CLOCK
+1 start 41M 2006-08-06 12:38:02 00:00:14.954
+2 40M 2006-08-06 12:43:29 00:00:18.633
+3 msys 40M 2006-08-06 12:44:04 00:00:23.514
@end example
-@file{myrawimage.bin} is a raw image you want to use as original disk
-image. It will never be written to.
+A VM snapshot is made of a VM state info (its size is shown in
+@code{info snapshots}) and a snapshot of every writable disk image.
+The VM state info is stored in the first @code{qcow2} non removable
+and writable block device. The disk image snapshots are stored in
+every disk image. The size of a snapshot in a disk image is difficult
+to evaluate and is not shown by @code{info snapshots} because the
+associated disk sectors are shared among all the snapshots to save
+disk space (otherwise each snapshot would need a full copy of all the
+disk images).
+
+When using the (unrelated) @code{-snapshot} option
+(@ref{disk_images_snapshot_mode}), you can always make VM snapshots,
+but they are deleted as soon as you exit QEMU.
+
+VM snapshots currently have the following known limitations:
+@itemize
+@item
+They cannot cope with removable devices if they are removed or
+inserted after a snapshot is done.
+@item
+A few device drivers still have incomplete snapshot support so their
+state is not saved or restored properly (in particular USB).
+@end itemize
+
+@node qemu_img_invocation
+@subsection @code{qemu-img} Invocation
+
+@include qemu-img.texi
+
+@node host_drives
+@subsection Using host drives
+
+In addition to disk image files, QEMU can directly access host
+devices. We describe here the usage for QEMU version >= 0.8.3.
+
+@subsubsection Linux
+
+On Linux, you can directly use the host device filename instead of a
+disk image filename provided you have enough proviledge to access
+it. For example, use @file{/dev/cdrom} to access to the CDROM or
+@file{/dev/fd0} for the floppy.
+
+@table @code
+@item CD
+You can specify a CDROM device even if no CDROM is loaded. QEMU has
+specific code to detect CDROM insertion or removal. CDROM ejection by
+the guest OS is supported. Currently only data CDs are supported.
+@item Floppy
+You can specify a floppy device even if no floppy is loaded. Floppy
+removal is currently not detected accurately (if you change floppy
+without doing floppy access while the floppy is not loaded, the guest
+OS will think that the same floppy is loaded).
+@item Hard disks
+Hard disks can be used. Normally you must specify the whole disk
+(@file{/dev/hdb} instead of @file{/dev/hdb1}) so that the guest OS can
+see it as a partitioned disk. WARNING: unless you know what you do, it
+is better to only make READ-ONLY accesses to the hard disk otherwise
+you may corrupt your host data (use the @option{-snapshot} command
+line option or modify the device permissions accordingly).
+@end table
-@file{mycowimage.cow} is the COW disk image which is created by
-@code{qemu-mkcow}. You can use it directly with the @option{-hdx}
-options. You must not modify the original raw disk image if you use
-COW images, as COW images only store the modified sectors from the raw
-disk image. QEMU stores the original raw disk image name and its
-modified time in the COW disk image so that chances of mistakes are
-reduced.
+@subsubsection Windows
-If the raw disk image is not read-only, by pressing @key{C-a s} you
-can flush the COW disk image back into the raw disk image, as in
-snapshot mode.
+On Windows you can use any host drives as QEMU drive. The prefered
+syntax is the driver letter (e.g. @file{d:}). The alternate syntax
+@file{\\.\d:} is supported. @file{/dev/cdrom} is supported as an alias
+to the first CDROM drive.
-COW disk images can also be created without a corresponding raw disk
-image. It is useful to have a big initial virtual disk image without
-using much disk space. Use:
+Currently there is no specific code to handle removable medias, so it
+is better to use the @code{change} or @code{eject} monitor commands to
+change or eject media.
-@example
-qemu-mkcow mycowimage.cow 1024
+@subsubsection Mac OS X
+
+@file{/dev/cdrom} is an alias to the first CDROM.
+
+Currently there is no specific code to handle removable medias, so it
+is better to use the @code{change} or @code{eject} monitor commands to
+change or eject media.
+
+@node disk_images_fat_images
+@subsection Virtual FAT disk images
+
+QEMU can automatically create a virtual FAT disk image from a
+directory tree. In order to use it, just type:
+
+@example
+qemu linux.img -hdb fat:/my_directory
@end example
-to create a 1 gigabyte empty COW disk image.
+Then you access access to all the files in the @file{/my_directory}
+directory without having to copy them in a disk image or to export
+them via SAMBA or NFS. The default access is @emph{read-only}.
-NOTES:
-@enumerate
-@item
-COW disk images must be created on file systems supporting
-@emph{holes} such as ext2 or ext3.
-@item
-Since holes are used, the displayed size of the COW disk image is not
-the real one. To know it, use the @code{ls -ls} command.
-@end enumerate
+Floppies can be emulated with the @code{:floppy:} option:
+@example
+qemu linux.img -fda fat:floppy:/my_directory
+@end example
+
+A read/write support is available for testing (beta stage) with the
+@code{:rw:} option:
+
+@example
+qemu linux.img -fda fat:floppy:rw:/my_directory
+@end example
+
+What you should @emph{never} do:
+@itemize
+@item use non-ASCII filenames ;
+@item use "-snapshot" together with ":rw:" ;
+@item expect it to work when loadvm'ing ;
+@item write to the FAT directory on the host system while accessing it with the guest system.
+@end itemize
+
+@node pcsys_network
@section Network emulation
-QEMU simulates up to 6 networks cards (NE2000 boards). Each card can
-be connected to a specific host network interface.
+QEMU can simulate several networks cards (NE2000 boards on the PC
+target) and can connect them to an arbitrary number of Virtual Local
+Area Networks (VLANs). Host TAP devices can be connected to any QEMU
+VLAN. VLAN can be connected between separate instances of QEMU to
+simulate large networks. For simpler usage, a non priviledged user mode
+network stack can replace the TAP device to have a basic network
+connection.
-@subsection Using tun/tap network interface
+@subsection VLANs
-This is the standard way to emulate network. QEMU adds a virtual
-network device on your host (called @code{tun0}), and you can then
-configure it as if it was a real ethernet card.
+QEMU simulates several VLANs. A VLAN can be symbolised as a virtual
+connection between several network devices. These devices can be for
+example QEMU virtual Ethernet cards or virtual Host ethernet devices
+(TAP devices).
+
+@subsection Using TAP network interfaces
+
+This is the standard way to connect QEMU to a real network. QEMU adds
+a virtual network device on your host (called @code{tapN}), and you
+can then configure it as if it was a real ethernet card.
+
+@subsubsection Linux host
As an example, you can download the @file{linux-test-xxx.tar.gz}
archive and copy the script @file{qemu-ifup} in @file{/etc} and
configure properly @code{sudo} so that the command @code{ifconfig}
contained in @file{qemu-ifup} can be executed as root. You must verify
-that your host kernel supports the TUN/TAP network interfaces: the
+that your host kernel supports the TAP network interfaces: the
device @file{/dev/net/tun} must be present.
-See @ref{direct_linux_boot} to have an example of network use with a
-Linux distribution.
+See @ref{sec_invocation} to have examples of command lines using the
+TAP network interfaces.
+
+@subsubsection Windows host
+
+There is a virtual ethernet driver for Windows 2000/XP systems, called
+TAP-Win32. But it is not included in standard QEMU for Windows,
+so you will need to get it separately. It is part of OpenVPN package,
+so download OpenVPN from : @url{http://openvpn.net/}.
@subsection Using the user mode network stack
-This is @emph{experimental} (version 0.5.4). You must configure qemu
-with @code{--enable-slirp}. Then by using the option
-@option{-user-net} or if you have no tun/tap init script, QEMU uses a
-completely user mode network stack (you don't need root priviledge to
-use the virtual network). The virtual network configuration is the
-following:
+By using the option @option{-net user} (default configuration if no
+@option{-net} option is specified), QEMU uses a completely user mode
+network stack (you don't need root priviledge to use the virtual
+network). The virtual network configuration is the following:
@example
-QEMU Virtual Machine <------> Firewall/DHCP server <-----> Internet
- (10.0.2.x) | (10.0.2.2)
+ QEMU VLAN <------> Firewall/DHCP server <-----> Internet
+ | (10.0.2.2)
|
- ----> DNS
- (10.0.2.3)
+ ----> DNS server (10.0.2.3)
+ |
+ ----> SMB server (10.0.2.4)
@end example
The QEMU VM behaves as if it was behind a firewall which blocks all
incoming connections. You can use a DHCP client to automatically
-configure the network in the QEMU VM.
+configure the network in the QEMU VM. The DHCP server assign addresses
+to the hosts starting from 10.0.2.15.
In order to check that the user mode network is working, you can ping
the address 10.0.2.2 and verify that you got an address in the range
10.0.2.x from the QEMU virtual DHCP server.
-@node direct_linux_boot
-@section Direct Linux Boot
+Note that @code{ping} is not supported reliably to the internet as it
+would require root priviledges. It means you can only ping the local
+router (10.0.2.2).
-This section explains how to launch a Linux kernel inside QEMU without
-having to make a full bootable image. It is very useful for fast Linux
-kernel testing. The QEMU network configuration is also explained.
+When using the built-in TFTP server, the router is also the TFTP
+server.
-@enumerate
-@item
-Download the archive @file{linux-test-xxx.tar.gz} containing a Linux
-kernel and a disk image.
+When using the @option{-redir} option, TCP or UDP connections can be
+redirected from the host to the guest. It allows for example to
+redirect X11, telnet or SSH connections.
+
+@subsection Connecting VLANs between QEMU instances
-@item Optional: If you want network support (for example to launch X11 examples), you
-must copy the script @file{qemu-ifup} in @file{/etc} and configure
-properly @code{sudo} so that the command @code{ifconfig} contained in
-@file{qemu-ifup} can be executed as root. You must verify that your host
-kernel supports the TUN/TAP network interfaces: the device
-@file{/dev/net/tun} must be present.
+Using the @option{-net socket} option, it is possible to make VLANs
+that span several QEMU instances. See @ref{sec_invocation} to have a
+basic example.
-When network is enabled, there is a virtual network connection between
-the host kernel and the emulated kernel. The emulated kernel is seen
-from the host kernel at IP address 172.20.0.2 and the host kernel is
-seen from the emulated kernel at IP address 172.20.0.1.
+@node direct_linux_boot
+@section Direct Linux Boot
-@item Launch @code{qemu.sh}. You should have the following output:
+This section explains how to launch a Linux kernel inside QEMU without
+having to make a full bootable image. It is very useful for fast Linux
+kernel testing.
+The syntax is:
@example
-> ./qemu.sh
-Connected to host network interface: tun0
-Linux version 2.4.21 (bellard@voyager.localdomain) (gcc version 3.2.2 20030222 (Red Hat Linux 3.2.2-5)) #5 Tue Nov 11 18:18:53 CET 2003
-BIOS-provided physical RAM map:
- BIOS-e801: 0000000000000000 - 000000000009f000 (usable)
- BIOS-e801: 0000000000100000 - 0000000002000000 (usable)
-32MB LOWMEM available.
-On node 0 totalpages: 8192
-zone(0): 4096 pages.
-zone(1): 4096 pages.
-zone(2): 0 pages.
-Kernel command line: root=/dev/hda sb=0x220,5,1,5 ide2=noprobe ide3=noprobe ide4=noprobe ide5=noprobe console=ttyS0
-ide_setup: ide2=noprobe
-ide_setup: ide3=noprobe
-ide_setup: ide4=noprobe
-ide_setup: ide5=noprobe
-Initializing CPU#0
-Detected 2399.621 MHz processor.
-Console: colour EGA 80x25
-Calibrating delay loop... 4744.80 BogoMIPS
-Memory: 28872k/32768k available (1210k kernel code, 3508k reserved, 266k data, 64k init, 0k highmem)
-Dentry cache hash table entries: 4096 (order: 3, 32768 bytes)
-Inode cache hash table entries: 2048 (order: 2, 16384 bytes)
-Mount cache hash table entries: 512 (order: 0, 4096 bytes)
-Buffer-cache hash table entries: 1024 (order: 0, 4096 bytes)
-Page-cache hash table entries: 8192 (order: 3, 32768 bytes)
-CPU: Intel Pentium Pro stepping 03
-Checking 'hlt' instruction... OK.
-POSIX conformance testing by UNIFIX
-Linux NET4.0 for Linux 2.4
-Based upon Swansea University Computer Society NET3.039
-Initializing RT netlink socket
-apm: BIOS not found.
-Starting kswapd
-Journalled Block Device driver loaded
-Detected PS/2 Mouse Port.
-pty: 256 Unix98 ptys configured
-Serial driver version 5.05c (2001-07-08) with no serial options enabled
-ttyS00 at 0x03f8 (irq = 4) is a 16450
-ne.c:v1.10 9/23/94 Donald Becker (becker@scyld.com)
-Last modified Nov 1, 2000 by Paul Gortmaker
-NE*000 ethercard probe at 0x300: 52 54 00 12 34 56
-eth0: NE2000 found at 0x300, using IRQ 9.
-RAMDISK driver initialized: 16 RAM disks of 4096K size 1024 blocksize
-Uniform Multi-Platform E-IDE driver Revision: 7.00beta4-2.4
-ide: Assuming 50MHz system bus speed for PIO modes; override with idebus=xx
-hda: QEMU HARDDISK, ATA DISK drive
-ide0 at 0x1f0-0x1f7,0x3f6 on irq 14
-hda: attached ide-disk driver.
-hda: 20480 sectors (10 MB) w/256KiB Cache, CHS=20/16/63
-Partition check:
- hda:
-Soundblaster audio driver Copyright (C) by Hannu Savolainen 1993-1996
-NET4: Linux TCP/IP 1.0 for NET4.0
-IP Protocols: ICMP, UDP, TCP, IGMP
-IP: routing cache hash table of 512 buckets, 4Kbytes
-TCP: Hash tables configured (established 2048 bind 4096)
-NET4: Unix domain sockets 1.0/SMP for Linux NET4.0.
-EXT2-fs warning: mounting unchecked fs, running e2fsck is recommended
-VFS: Mounted root (ext2 filesystem).
-Freeing unused kernel memory: 64k freed
-
-Linux version 2.4.21 (bellard@voyager.localdomain) (gcc version 3.2.2 20030222 (Red Hat Linux 3.2.2-5)) #5 Tue Nov 11 18:18:53 CET 2003
-
-QEMU Linux test distribution (based on Redhat 9)
-
-Type 'exit' to halt the system
-
-sh-2.05b#
+qemu -kernel arch/i386/boot/bzImage -hda root-2.4.20.img -append "root=/dev/hda"
@end example
-@item
-Then you can play with the kernel inside the virtual serial console. You
-can launch @code{ls} for example. Type @key{Ctrl-a h} to have an help
-about the keys you can type inside the virtual serial console. In
-particular, use @key{Ctrl-a x} to exit QEMU and use @key{Ctrl-a b} as
-the Magic SysRq key.
+Use @option{-kernel} to provide the Linux kernel image and
+@option{-append} to give the kernel command line arguments. The
+@option{-initrd} option can be used to provide an INITRD image.
-@item
-If the network is enabled, launch the script @file{/etc/linuxrc} in the
-emulator (don't forget the leading dot):
-@example
-. /etc/linuxrc
-@end example
+When using the direct Linux boot, a disk image for the first hard disk
+@file{hda} is required because its boot sector is used to launch the
+Linux kernel.
-Then enable X11 connections on your PC from the emulated Linux:
+If you do not need graphical output, you can disable it and redirect
+the virtual serial port and the QEMU monitor to the console with the
+@option{-nographic} option. The typical command line is:
@example
-xhost +172.20.0.2
+qemu -kernel arch/i386/boot/bzImage -hda root-2.4.20.img \
+ -append "root=/dev/hda console=ttyS0" -nographic
@end example
-You can now launch @file{xterm} or @file{xlogo} and verify that you have
-a real Virtual Linux system !
-
-@end enumerate
-
-NOTES:
-@enumerate
-@item
-A 2.5.74 kernel is also included in the archive. Just
-replace the bzImage in qemu.sh to try it.
+Use @key{Ctrl-a c} to switch between the serial console and the
+monitor (@pxref{pcsys_keys}).
-@item
-qemu-fast creates a temporary file in @var{$QEMU_TMPDIR} (@file{/tmp} is the
-default) containing all the simulated PC memory. If possible, try to use
-a temporary directory using the tmpfs filesystem to avoid too many
-unnecessary disk accesses.
+@node pcsys_usb
+@section USB emulation
-@item
-In order to exit cleanly from qemu, you can do a @emph{shutdown} inside
-qemu. qemu will automatically exit when the Linux shutdown is done.
+QEMU emulates a PCI UHCI USB controller. You can virtually plug
+virtual USB devices or real host USB devices (experimental, works only
+on Linux hosts). Qemu will automatically create and connect virtual USB hubs
+as necessary to connect multiple USB devices.
-@item
-You can boot slightly faster by disabling the probe of non present IDE
-interfaces. To do so, add the following options on the kernel command
-line:
-@example
-ide1=noprobe ide2=noprobe ide3=noprobe ide4=noprobe ide5=noprobe
-@end example
+@menu
+* usb_devices::
+* host_usb_devices::
+@end menu
+@node usb_devices
+@subsection Connecting USB devices
-@item
-The example disk image is a modified version of the one made by Kevin
-Lawton for the plex86 Project (@url{www.plex86.org}).
+USB devices can be connected with the @option{-usbdevice} commandline option
+or the @code{usb_add} monitor command. Available devices are:
-@end enumerate
+@table @var
+@item @code{mouse}
+Virtual Mouse. This will override the PS/2 mouse emulation when activated.
+@item @code{tablet}
+Pointer device that uses absolute coordinates (like a touchscreen).
+This means qemu is able to report the mouse position without having
+to grab the mouse. Also overrides the PS/2 mouse emulation when activated.
+@item @code{disk:file}
+Mass storage device based on @var{file} (@pxref{disk_images})
+@item @code{host:bus.addr}
+Pass through the host device identified by @var{bus.addr}
+(Linux only)
+@item @code{host:vendor_id:product_id}
+Pass through the host device identified by @var{vendor_id:product_id}
+(Linux only)
+@end table
-@node linux_compile
-@section Linux Kernel Compilation
+@node host_usb_devices
+@subsection Using host USB devices on a Linux host
-You can use any linux kernel with QEMU. However, if you want to use
-@code{qemu-fast} to get maximum performances, you must use a modified
-guest kernel. If you are using a 2.6 guest kernel, you can use
-directly the patch @file{linux-2.6-qemu-fast.patch} made by Rusty
-Russel available in the QEMU source archive. Otherwise, you can make the
-following changes @emph{by hand} to the Linux kernel:
+WARNING: this is an experimental feature. QEMU will slow down when
+using it. USB devices requiring real time streaming (i.e. USB Video
+Cameras) are not supported yet.
@enumerate
-@item
-The kernel must be mapped at 0x90000000 (the default is
-0xc0000000). You must modify only two lines in the kernel source:
+@item If you use an early Linux 2.4 kernel, verify that no Linux driver
+is actually using the USB device. A simple way to do that is simply to
+disable the corresponding kernel module by renaming it from @file{mydriver.o}
+to @file{mydriver.o.disabled}.
-In @file{include/asm/page.h}, replace
-@example
-#define __PAGE_OFFSET (0xc0000000)
-@end example
-by
+@item Verify that @file{/proc/bus/usb} is working (most Linux distributions should enable it by default). You should see something like that:
@example
-#define __PAGE_OFFSET (0x90000000)
+ls /proc/bus/usb
+001 devices drivers
@end example
-And in @file{arch/i386/vmlinux.lds}, replace
-@example
- . = 0xc0000000 + 0x100000;
-@end example
-by
+@item Since only root can access to the USB devices directly, you can either launch QEMU as root or change the permissions of the USB devices you want to use. For testing, the following suffices:
@example
- . = 0x90000000 + 0x100000;
+chown -R myuid /proc/bus/usb
@end example
-@item
-If you want to enable SMP (Symmetric Multi-Processing) support, you
-must make the following change in @file{include/asm/fixmap.h}. Replace
-@example
-#define FIXADDR_TOP (0xffffX000UL)
-@end example
-by
-@example
-#define FIXADDR_TOP (0xa7ffX000UL)
+@item Launch QEMU and do in the monitor:
+@example
+info usbhost
+ Device 1.2, speed 480 Mb/s
+ Class 00: USB device 1234:5678, USB DISK
@end example
-(X is 'e' or 'f' depending on the kernel version). Although you can
-use an SMP kernel with QEMU, it only supports one CPU.
+You should see the list of the devices you can use (Never try to use
+hubs, it won't work).
-@item
-If you are not using a 2.6 kernel as host kernel but if you use a target
-2.6 kernel, you must also ensure that the 'HZ' define is set to 100
-(1000 is the default) as QEMU cannot currently emulate timers at
-frequencies greater than 100 Hz on host Linux systems < 2.6. In
-@file{include/asm/param.h}, replace:
-
-@example
-# define HZ 1000 /* Internal kernel timer frequency */
-@end example
-by
-@example
-# define HZ 100 /* Internal kernel timer frequency */
+@item Add the device in QEMU by using:
+@example
+usb_add host:1234:5678
@end example
-@end enumerate
+Normally the guest OS should report that a new USB device is
+plugged. You can use the option @option{-usbdevice} to do the same.
-The file config-2.x.x gives the configuration of the example kernels.
+@item Now you can try to use the host USB device in QEMU.
-Just type
-@example
-make bzImage
-@end example
+@end enumerate
-As you would do to make a real kernel. Then you can use with QEMU
-exactly the same kernel as you would boot on your PC (in
-@file{arch/i386/boot/bzImage}).
+When relaunching QEMU, you may have to unplug and plug again the USB
+device to make it work again (this is a bug).
@node gdb_usage
@section GDB usage
In order to use gdb, launch qemu with the '-s' option. It will wait for a
gdb connection:
@example
-> qemu -s -kernel arch/i386/boot/bzImage -hda root-2.4.20.img -append "root=/dev/hda"
+> qemu -s -kernel arch/i386/boot/bzImage -hda root-2.4.20.img \
+ -append "root=/dev/hda"
Connected to host network interface: tun0
Waiting gdb connection on port 1234
@end example
Use @code{x/10i $eip} to display the code at the PC position.
@item
Use @code{set architecture i8086} to dump 16 bit code. Then use
-@code{x/10i $cs*16+*eip} to dump the code at the PC position.
+@code{x/10i $cs*16+$eip} to dump the code at the PC position.
@end enumerate
-@chapter QEMU PREP PowerPC System emulator invocation
+@node pcsys_os_specific
+@section Target OS specific information
+
+@subsection Linux
+
+To have access to SVGA graphic modes under X11, use the @code{vesa} or
+the @code{cirrus} X11 driver. For optimal performances, use 16 bit
+color depth in the guest and the host OS.
+
+When using a 2.6 guest Linux kernel, you should add the option
+@code{clock=pit} on the kernel command line because the 2.6 Linux
+kernels make very strict real time clock checks by default that QEMU
+cannot simulate exactly.
+
+When using a 2.6 guest Linux kernel, verify that the 4G/4G patch is
+not activated because QEMU is slower with this patch. The QEMU
+Accelerator Module is also much slower in this case. Earlier Fedora
+Core 3 Linux kernel (< 2.6.9-1.724_FC3) were known to incorporte this
+patch by default. Newer kernels don't have it.
+
+@subsection Windows
+
+If you have a slow host, using Windows 95 is better as it gives the
+best speed. Windows 2000 is also a good choice.
+
+@subsubsection SVGA graphic modes support
+
+QEMU emulates a Cirrus Logic GD5446 Video
+card. All Windows versions starting from Windows 95 should recognize
+and use this graphic card. For optimal performances, use 16 bit color
+depth in the guest and the host OS.
+
+If you are using Windows XP as guest OS and if you want to use high
+resolution modes which the Cirrus Logic BIOS does not support (i.e. >=
+1280x1024x16), then you should use the VESA VBE virtual graphic card
+(option @option{-std-vga}).
+
+@subsubsection CPU usage reduction
+
+Windows 9x does not correctly use the CPU HLT
+instruction. The result is that it takes host CPU cycles even when
+idle. You can install the utility from
+@url{http://www.user.cityline.ru/~maxamn/amnhltm.zip} to solve this
+problem. Note that no such tool is needed for NT, 2000 or XP.
+
+@subsubsection Windows 2000 disk full problem
+
+Windows 2000 has a bug which gives a disk full problem during its
+installation. When installing it, use the @option{-win2k-hack} QEMU
+option to enable a specific workaround. After Windows 2000 is
+installed, you no longer need this option (this option slows down the
+IDE transfers).
+
+@subsubsection Windows 2000 shutdown
+
+Windows 2000 cannot automatically shutdown in QEMU although Windows 98
+can. It comes from the fact that Windows 2000 does not automatically
+use the APM driver provided by the BIOS.
+
+In order to correct that, do the following (thanks to Struan
+Bartlett): go to the Control Panel => Add/Remove Hardware & Next =>
+Add/Troubleshoot a device => Add a new device & Next => No, select the
+hardware from a list & Next => NT Apm/Legacy Support & Next => Next
+(again) a few times. Now the driver is installed and Windows 2000 now
+correctly instructs QEMU to shutdown at the appropriate moment.
+
+@subsubsection Share a directory between Unix and Windows
+
+See @ref{sec_invocation} about the help of the option @option{-smb}.
+
+@subsubsection Windows XP security problem
+
+Some releases of Windows XP install correctly but give a security
+error when booting:
+@example
+A problem is preventing Windows from accurately checking the
+license for this computer. Error code: 0x800703e6.
+@end example
+
+The workaround is to install a service pack for XP after a boot in safe
+mode. Then reboot, and the problem should go away. Since there is no
+network while in safe mode, its recommended to download the full
+installation of SP1 or SP2 and transfer that via an ISO or using the
+vvfat block device ("-hdb fat:directory_which_holds_the_SP").
+
+@subsection MS-DOS and FreeDOS
+
+@subsubsection CPU usage reduction
+
+DOS does not correctly use the CPU HLT instruction. The result is that
+it takes host CPU cycles even when idle. You can install the utility
+from @url{http://www.vmware.com/software/dosidle210.zip} to solve this
+problem.
+
+@node QEMU System emulator for non PC targets
+@chapter QEMU System emulator for non PC targets
+
+QEMU is a generic emulator and it emulates many non PC
+machines. Most of the options are similar to the PC emulator. The
+differences are mentionned in the following sections.
+
+@menu
+* QEMU PowerPC System emulator::
+* Sparc32 System emulator invocation::
+* Sparc64 System emulator invocation::
+* MIPS System emulator invocation::
+* ARM System emulator invocation::
+@end menu
+
+@node QEMU PowerPC System emulator
+@section QEMU PowerPC System emulator
Use the executable @file{qemu-system-ppc} to simulate a complete PREP
-PowerPC system.
+or PowerMac PowerPC system.
+
+QEMU emulates the following PowerMac peripherals:
+
+@itemize @minus
+@item
+UniNorth PCI Bridge
+@item
+PCI VGA compatible card with VESA Bochs Extensions
+@item
+2 PMAC IDE interfaces with hard disk and CD-ROM support
+@item
+NE2000 PCI adapters
+@item
+Non Volatile RAM
+@item
+VIA-CUDA with ADB keyboard and mouse.
+@end itemize
-QEMU emulates the following PREP peripherials:
+QEMU emulates the following PREP peripherals:
@itemize @minus
@item
+PCI Bridge
+@item
+PCI VGA compatible card with VESA Bochs Extensions
+@item
2 IDE interfaces with hard disk and CD-ROM support
@item
Floppy disk
@item
-up to 6 NE2000 network adapters
+NE2000 network adapters
@item
Serial port
@item
PREP Non Volatile RAM
+@item
+PC compatible keyboard and mouse.
@end itemize
-You can read the qemu PC system emulation chapter to have more
-informations about QEMU usage.
+QEMU uses the Open Hack'Ware Open Firmware Compatible BIOS available at
+@url{http://perso.magic.fr/l_indien/OpenHackWare/index.htm}.
+
+@c man begin OPTIONS
+
+The following options are specific to the PowerPC emulation:
+
+@table @option
+
+@item -g WxH[xDEPTH]
+
+Set the initial VGA graphic mode. The default is 800x600x15.
+
+@end table
+
+@c man end
+
More information is available at
-@url{http://jocelyn.mayer.free.fr/qemu-ppc/}.
+@url{http://perso.magic.fr/l_indien/qemu-ppc/}.
+
+@node Sparc32 System emulator invocation
+@section Sparc32 System emulator invocation
+
+Use the executable @file{qemu-system-sparc} to simulate a SparcStation 5
+(sun4m architecture). The emulation is somewhat complete.
+
+QEMU emulates the following sun4m peripherals:
+
+@itemize @minus
+@item
+IOMMU
+@item
+TCX Frame buffer
+@item
+Lance (Am7990) Ethernet
+@item
+Non Volatile RAM M48T08
+@item
+Slave I/O: timers, interrupt controllers, Zilog serial ports, keyboard
+and power/reset logic
+@item
+ESP SCSI controller with hard disk and CD-ROM support
+@item
+Floppy drive
+@end itemize
+
+The number of peripherals is fixed in the architecture.
+
+Since version 0.8.2, QEMU uses OpenBIOS
+@url{http://www.openbios.org/}. OpenBIOS is a free (GPL v2) portable
+firmware implementation. The goal is to implement a 100% IEEE
+1275-1994 (referred to as Open Firmware) compliant firmware.
+
+A sample Linux 2.6 series kernel and ram disk image are available on
+the QEMU web site. Please note that currently NetBSD, OpenBSD or
+Solaris kernels don't work.
+
+@c man begin OPTIONS
+
+The following options are specific to the Sparc emulation:
+
+@table @option
+
+@item -g WxH
+
+Set the initial TCX graphic mode. The default is 1024x768.
+
+@end table
+
+@c man end
+
+@node Sparc64 System emulator invocation
+@section Sparc64 System emulator invocation
+
+Use the executable @file{qemu-system-sparc64} to simulate a Sun4u machine.
+The emulator is not usable for anything yet.
+
+QEMU emulates the following sun4u peripherals:
+
+@itemize @minus
+@item
+UltraSparc IIi APB PCI Bridge
+@item
+PCI VGA compatible card with VESA Bochs Extensions
+@item
+Non Volatile RAM M48T59
+@item
+PC-compatible serial ports
+@end itemize
+
+@node MIPS System emulator invocation
+@section MIPS System emulator invocation
+
+Use the executable @file{qemu-system-mips} to simulate a MIPS machine.
+The emulator is able to boot a Linux kernel and to run a Linux Debian
+installation from NFS. The following devices are emulated:
+
+@itemize @minus
+@item
+MIPS R4K CPU
+@item
+PC style serial port
+@item
+NE2000 network card
+@end itemize
+
+More information is available in the QEMU mailing-list archive.
+
+@node ARM System emulator invocation
+@section ARM System emulator invocation
+
+Use the executable @file{qemu-system-arm} to simulate a ARM
+machine. The ARM Integrator/CP board is emulated with the following
+devices:
+
+@itemize @minus
+@item
+ARM926E or ARM1026E CPU
+@item
+Two PL011 UARTs
+@item
+SMC 91c111 Ethernet adapter
+@item
+PL110 LCD controller
+@item
+PL050 KMI with PS/2 keyboard and mouse.
+@end itemize
-@chapter QEMU User space emulator invocation
+The ARM Versatile baseboard is emulated with the following devices:
+@itemize @minus
+@item
+ARM926E CPU
+@item
+PL190 Vectored Interrupt Controller
+@item
+Four PL011 UARTs
+@item
+SMC 91c111 Ethernet adapter
+@item
+PL110 LCD controller
+@item
+PL050 KMI with PS/2 keyboard and mouse.
+@item
+PCI host bridge. Note the emulated PCI bridge only provides access to
+PCI memory space. It does not provide access to PCI IO space.
+This means some devices (eg. ne2k_pci NIC) are not useable, and others
+(eg. rtl8139 NIC) are only useable when the guest drivers use the memory
+mapped control registers.
+@item
+PCI OHCI USB controller.
+@item
+LSI53C895A PCI SCSI Host Bus Adapter with hard disk and CD-ROM devices.
+@end itemize
+
+A Linux 2.6 test image is available on the QEMU web site. More
+information is available in the QEMU mailing-list archive.
+
+@node QEMU Linux User space emulator
+@chapter QEMU Linux User space emulator
+
+@menu
+* Quick Start::
+* Wine launch::
+* Command line options::
+* Other binaries::
+@end menu
+
+@node Quick Start
@section Quick Start
In order to launch a Linux process, QEMU needs the process executable
@item The x86 version of QEMU is also included. You can try weird things such as:
@example
-qemu-i386 /usr/local/qemu-i386/bin/qemu-i386 /usr/local/qemu-i386/bin/ls-i386
+qemu-i386 /usr/local/qemu-i386/bin/qemu-i386 \
+ /usr/local/qemu-i386/bin/ls-i386
@end example
@end itemize
+@node Wine launch
@section Wine launch
@itemize
(@file{qemu-XXX-i386-wine.tar.gz} on the QEMU web page).
@item Configure Wine on your account. Look at the provided script
-@file{/usr/local/qemu-i386/bin/wine-conf.sh}. Your previous
+@file{/usr/local/qemu-i386/@/bin/wine-conf.sh}. Your previous
@code{$@{HOME@}/.wine} directory is saved to @code{$@{HOME@}/.wine.org}.
@item Then you can try the example @file{putty.exe}:
@example
-qemu-i386 /usr/local/qemu-i386/wine/bin/wine /usr/local/qemu-i386/wine/c/Program\ Files/putty.exe
+qemu-i386 /usr/local/qemu-i386/wine/bin/wine \
+ /usr/local/qemu-i386/wine/c/Program\ Files/putty.exe
@end example
@end itemize
+@node Command line options
@section Command line options
@example
Act as if the host page size was 'pagesize' bytes
@end table
+@node Other binaries
+@section Other binaries
+
+@command{qemu-arm} is also capable of running ARM "Angel" semihosted ELF
+binaries (as implemented by the arm-elf and arm-eabi Newlib/GDB
+configurations), and arm-uclinux bFLT format binaries.
+
+The binary format is detected automatically.
+
+@node compilation
+@chapter Compilation from the sources
+
+@menu
+* Linux/Unix::
+* Windows::
+* Cross compilation for Windows with Linux::
+* Mac OS X::
+@end menu
+
+@node Linux/Unix
+@section Linux/Unix
+
+@subsection Compilation
+
+First you must decompress the sources:
+@example
+cd /tmp
+tar zxvf qemu-x.y.z.tar.gz
+cd qemu-x.y.z
+@end example
+
+Then you configure QEMU and build it (usually no options are needed):
+@example
+./configure
+make
+@end example
+
+Then type as root user:
+@example
+make install
+@end example
+to install QEMU in @file{/usr/local}.
+
+@subsection Tested tool versions
+
+In order to compile QEMU succesfully, it is very important that you
+have the right tools. The most important one is gcc. I cannot guaranty
+that QEMU works if you do not use a tested gcc version. Look at
+'configure' and 'Makefile' if you want to make a different gcc
+version work.
+
+@example
+host gcc binutils glibc linux distribution
+----------------------------------------------------------------------
+x86 3.2 2.13.2 2.1.3 2.4.18
+ 2.96 2.11.93.0.2 2.2.5 2.4.18 Red Hat 7.3
+ 3.2.2 2.13.90.0.18 2.3.2 2.4.20 Red Hat 9
+
+PowerPC 3.3 [4] 2.13.90.0.18 2.3.1 2.4.20briq
+ 3.2
+
+Alpha 3.3 [1] 2.14.90.0.4 2.2.5 2.2.20 [2] Debian 3.0
+
+Sparc32 2.95.4 2.12.90.0.1 2.2.5 2.4.18 Debian 3.0
+
+ARM 2.95.4 2.12.90.0.1 2.2.5 2.4.9 [3] Debian 3.0
+
+[1] On Alpha, QEMU needs the gcc 'visibility' attribute only available
+ for gcc version >= 3.3.
+[2] Linux >= 2.4.20 is necessary for precise exception support
+ (untested).
+[3] 2.4.9-ac10-rmk2-np1-cerf2
+
+[4] gcc 2.95.x generates invalid code when using too many register
+variables. You must use gcc 3.x on PowerPC.
+@end example
+
+@node Windows
+@section Windows
+
+@itemize
+@item Install the current versions of MSYS and MinGW from
+@url{http://www.mingw.org/}. You can find detailed installation
+instructions in the download section and the FAQ.
+
+@item Download
+the MinGW development library of SDL 1.2.x
+(@file{SDL-devel-1.2.x-@/mingw32.tar.gz}) from
+@url{http://www.libsdl.org}. Unpack it in a temporary place, and
+unpack the archive @file{i386-mingw32msvc.tar.gz} in the MinGW tool
+directory. Edit the @file{sdl-config} script so that it gives the
+correct SDL directory when invoked.
+
+@item Extract the current version of QEMU.
+
+@item Start the MSYS shell (file @file{msys.bat}).
+
+@item Change to the QEMU directory. Launch @file{./configure} and
+@file{make}. If you have problems using SDL, verify that
+@file{sdl-config} can be launched from the MSYS command line.
+
+@item You can install QEMU in @file{Program Files/Qemu} by typing
+@file{make install}. Don't forget to copy @file{SDL.dll} in
+@file{Program Files/Qemu}.
+
+@end itemize
+
+@node Cross compilation for Windows with Linux
+@section Cross compilation for Windows with Linux
+
+@itemize
+@item
+Install the MinGW cross compilation tools available at
+@url{http://www.mingw.org/}.
+
+@item
+Install the Win32 version of SDL (@url{http://www.libsdl.org}) by
+unpacking @file{i386-mingw32msvc.tar.gz}. Set up the PATH environment
+variable so that @file{i386-mingw32msvc-sdl-config} can be launched by
+the QEMU configuration script.
+
+@item
+Configure QEMU for Windows cross compilation:
+@example
+./configure --enable-mingw32
+@end example
+If necessary, you can change the cross-prefix according to the prefix
+choosen for the MinGW tools with --cross-prefix. You can also use
+--prefix to set the Win32 install path.
+
+@item You can install QEMU in the installation directory by typing
+@file{make install}. Don't forget to copy @file{SDL.dll} in the
+installation directory.
+
+@end itemize
+
+Note: Currently, Wine does not seem able to launch
+QEMU for Win32.
+
+@node Mac OS X
+@section Mac OS X
+
+The Mac OS X patches are not fully merged in QEMU, so you should look
+at the QEMU mailing list archive to have all the necessary
+information.
+
+@node Index
+@chapter Index
+@printindex cp
+
+@bye
projects / qemu / blobdiff