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[qemu] / vl.c

/*
 * QEMU System Emulator
 * 
 * Copyright (c) 2003-2005 Fabrice Bellard
 * 
 * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
 * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
 * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
 * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
 * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
 * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
 *
 * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
 * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
 *
 * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
 * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
 * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL
 * THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
 * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
 * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
 * THE SOFTWARE.
 */
#include "vl.h"

#include <unistd.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <signal.h>
#include <time.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <sys/time.h>

#ifndef _WIN32
#include <sys/times.h>
#include <sys/wait.h>
#include <termios.h>
#include <sys/poll.h>
#include <sys/mman.h>
#include <sys/ioctl.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <netinet/in.h>
#include <dirent.h>
#include <netdb.h>
#ifdef _BSD
#include <sys/stat.h>
#ifndef __APPLE__
#include <libutil.h>
#endif
#else
#include <linux/if.h>
#include <linux/if_tun.h>
#include <pty.h>
#include <malloc.h>
#include <linux/rtc.h>
#include <linux/ppdev.h>
#endif
#endif

#if defined(CONFIG_SLIRP)
#include "libslirp.h"
#endif

#ifdef _WIN32
#include <malloc.h>
#include <sys/timeb.h>
#include <windows.h>
#define getopt_long_only getopt_long
#define memalign(align, size) malloc(size)
#endif

#ifdef CONFIG_SDL
#ifdef __APPLE__
#include <SDL/SDL.h>
#endif
#endif /* CONFIG_SDL */

#ifdef CONFIG_COCOA
#undef main
#define main qemu_main
#endif /* CONFIG_COCOA */

#include "disas.h"

#include "exec-all.h"

#define DEFAULT_NETWORK_SCRIPT "/etc/qemu-ifup"

//#define DEBUG_UNUSED_IOPORT
//#define DEBUG_IOPORT

#if !defined(CONFIG_SOFTMMU)
#define PHYS_RAM_MAX_SIZE (256 * 1024 * 1024)
#else
#define PHYS_RAM_MAX_SIZE (2047 * 1024 * 1024)
#endif

#ifdef TARGET_PPC
#define DEFAULT_RAM_SIZE 144
#else
#define DEFAULT_RAM_SIZE 128
#endif
/* in ms */
#define GUI_REFRESH_INTERVAL 30

/* XXX: use a two level table to limit memory usage */
#define MAX_IOPORTS 65536

const char *bios_dir = CONFIG_QEMU_SHAREDIR;
char phys_ram_file[1024];
void *ioport_opaque[MAX_IOPORTS];
IOPortReadFunc *ioport_read_table[3][MAX_IOPORTS];
IOPortWriteFunc *ioport_write_table[3][MAX_IOPORTS];
BlockDriverState *bs_table[MAX_DISKS], *fd_table[MAX_FD];
int vga_ram_size;
int bios_size;
static DisplayState display_state;
int nographic;
const char* keyboard_layout = NULL;
int64_t ticks_per_sec;
int boot_device = 'c';
int ram_size;
int pit_min_timer_count = 0;
int nb_nics;
NICInfo nd_table[MAX_NICS];
QEMUTimer *gui_timer;
int vm_running;
int rtc_utc = 1;
int cirrus_vga_enabled = 1;
#ifdef TARGET_SPARC
int graphic_width = 1024;
int graphic_height = 768;
#else
int graphic_width = 800;
int graphic_height = 600;
#endif
int graphic_depth = 15;
int full_screen = 0;
TextConsole *vga_console;
CharDriverState *serial_hds[MAX_SERIAL_PORTS];
CharDriverState *parallel_hds[MAX_PARALLEL_PORTS];
#ifdef TARGET_I386
int win2k_install_hack = 0;
#endif
int usb_enabled = 0;
USBPort *vm_usb_ports[MAX_VM_USB_PORTS];
USBDevice *vm_usb_hub;
static VLANState *first_vlan;
int smp_cpus = 1;
#if defined(TARGET_SPARC)
#define MAX_CPUS 16
#elif defined(TARGET_I386)
#define MAX_CPUS 255
#else
#define MAX_CPUS 1
#endif

/***********************************************************/
/* x86 ISA bus support */

target_phys_addr_t isa_mem_base = 0;
PicState2 *isa_pic;

uint32_t default_ioport_readb(void *opaque, uint32_t address)
{
#ifdef DEBUG_UNUSED_IOPORT
    fprintf(stderr, "inb: port=0x%04x\n", address);
#endif
    return 0xff;
}

void default_ioport_writeb(void *opaque, uint32_t address, uint32_t data)
{
#ifdef DEBUG_UNUSED_IOPORT
    fprintf(stderr, "outb: port=0x%04x data=0x%02x\n", address, data);
#endif
}

/* default is to make two byte accesses */
uint32_t default_ioport_readw(void *opaque, uint32_t address)
{
    uint32_t data;
    data = ioport_read_table[0][address](ioport_opaque[address], address);
    address = (address + 1) & (MAX_IOPORTS - 1);
    data |= ioport_read_table[0][address](ioport_opaque[address], address) << 8;
    return data;
}

void default_ioport_writew(void *opaque, uint32_t address, uint32_t data)
{
    ioport_write_table[0][address](ioport_opaque[address], address, data & 0xff);
    address = (address + 1) & (MAX_IOPORTS - 1);
    ioport_write_table[0][address](ioport_opaque[address], address, (data >> 8) & 0xff);
}

uint32_t default_ioport_readl(void *opaque, uint32_t address)
{
#ifdef DEBUG_UNUSED_IOPORT
    fprintf(stderr, "inl: port=0x%04x\n", address);
#endif
    return 0xffffffff;
}

void default_ioport_writel(void *opaque, uint32_t address, uint32_t data)
{
#ifdef DEBUG_UNUSED_IOPORT
    fprintf(stderr, "outl: port=0x%04x data=0x%02x\n", address, data);
#endif
}

void init_ioports(void)
{
    int i;

    for(i = 0; i < MAX_IOPORTS; i++) {
        ioport_read_table[0][i] = default_ioport_readb;
        ioport_write_table[0][i] = default_ioport_writeb;
        ioport_read_table[1][i] = default_ioport_readw;
        ioport_write_table[1][i] = default_ioport_writew;
        ioport_read_table[2][i] = default_ioport_readl;
        ioport_write_table[2][i] = default_ioport_writel;
    }
}

/* size is the word size in byte */
int register_ioport_read(int start, int length, int size, 
                         IOPortReadFunc *func, void *opaque)
{
    int i, bsize;

    if (size == 1) {
        bsize = 0;
    } else if (size == 2) {
        bsize = 1;
    } else if (size == 4) {
        bsize = 2;
    } else {
        hw_error("register_ioport_read: invalid size");
        return -1;
    }
    for(i = start; i < start + length; i += size) {
        ioport_read_table[bsize][i] = func;
        if (ioport_opaque[i] != NULL && ioport_opaque[i] != opaque)
            hw_error("register_ioport_read: invalid opaque");
        ioport_opaque[i] = opaque;
    }
    return 0;
}

/* size is the word size in byte */
int register_ioport_write(int start, int length, int size, 
                          IOPortWriteFunc *func, void *opaque)
{
    int i, bsize;

    if (size == 1) {
        bsize = 0;
    } else if (size == 2) {
        bsize = 1;
    } else if (size == 4) {
        bsize = 2;
    } else {
        hw_error("register_ioport_write: invalid size");
        return -1;
    }
    for(i = start; i < start + length; i += size) {
        ioport_write_table[bsize][i] = func;
        if (ioport_opaque[i] != NULL && ioport_opaque[i] != opaque)
            hw_error("register_ioport_read: invalid opaque");
        ioport_opaque[i] = opaque;
    }
    return 0;
}

void isa_unassign_ioport(int start, int length)
{
    int i;

    for(i = start; i < start + length; i++) {
        ioport_read_table[0][i] = default_ioport_readb;
        ioport_read_table[1][i] = default_ioport_readw;
        ioport_read_table[2][i] = default_ioport_readl;

        ioport_write_table[0][i] = default_ioport_writeb;
        ioport_write_table[1][i] = default_ioport_writew;
        ioport_write_table[2][i] = default_ioport_writel;
    }
}

/***********************************************************/

void pstrcpy(char *buf, int buf_size, const char *str)
{
    int c;
    char *q = buf;

    if (buf_size <= 0)
        return;

    for(;;) {
        c = *str++;
        if (c == 0 || q >= buf + buf_size - 1)
            break;
        *q++ = c;
    }
    *q = '\0';
}

/* strcat and truncate. */
char *pstrcat(char *buf, int buf_size, const char *s)
{
    int len;
    len = strlen(buf);
    if (len < buf_size) 
        pstrcpy(buf + len, buf_size - len, s);
    return buf;
}

int strstart(const char *str, const char *val, const char **ptr)
{
    const char *p, *q;
    p = str;
    q = val;
    while (*q != '\0') {
        if (*p != *q)
            return 0;
        p++;
        q++;
    }
    if (ptr)
        *ptr = p;
    return 1;
}

/* return the size or -1 if error */
int get_image_size(const char *filename)
{
    int fd, size;
    fd = open(filename, O_RDONLY | O_BINARY);
    if (fd < 0)
        return -1;
    size = lseek(fd, 0, SEEK_END);
    close(fd);
    return size;
}

/* return the size or -1 if error */
int load_image(const char *filename, uint8_t *addr)
{
    int fd, size;
    fd = open(filename, O_RDONLY | O_BINARY);
    if (fd < 0)
        return -1;
    size = lseek(fd, 0, SEEK_END);
    lseek(fd, 0, SEEK_SET);
    if (read(fd, addr, size) != size) {
        close(fd);
        return -1;
    }
    close(fd);
    return size;
}

void cpu_outb(CPUState *env, int addr, int val)
{
#ifdef DEBUG_IOPORT
    if (loglevel & CPU_LOG_IOPORT)
        fprintf(logfile, "outb: %04x %02x\n", addr, val);
#endif    
    ioport_write_table[0][addr](ioport_opaque[addr], addr, val);
}

void cpu_outw(CPUState *env, int addr, int val)
{
#ifdef DEBUG_IOPORT
    if (loglevel & CPU_LOG_IOPORT)
        fprintf(logfile, "outw: %04x %04x\n", addr, val);
#endif    
    ioport_write_table[1][addr](ioport_opaque[addr], addr, val);
}

void cpu_outl(CPUState *env, int addr, int val)
{
#ifdef DEBUG_IOPORT
    if (loglevel & CPU_LOG_IOPORT)
        fprintf(logfile, "outl: %04x %08x\n", addr, val);
#endif
    ioport_write_table[2][addr](ioport_opaque[addr], addr, val);
}

int cpu_inb(CPUState *env, int addr)
{
    int val;
    val = ioport_read_table[0][addr](ioport_opaque[addr], addr);
#ifdef DEBUG_IOPORT
    if (loglevel & CPU_LOG_IOPORT)
        fprintf(logfile, "inb : %04x %02x\n", addr, val);
#endif
    return val;
}

int cpu_inw(CPUState *env, int addr)
{
    int val;
    val = ioport_read_table[1][addr](ioport_opaque[addr], addr);
#ifdef DEBUG_IOPORT
    if (loglevel & CPU_LOG_IOPORT)
        fprintf(logfile, "inw : %04x %04x\n", addr, val);
#endif
    return val;
}

int cpu_inl(CPUState *env, int addr)
{
    int val;
    val = ioport_read_table[2][addr](ioport_opaque[addr], addr);
#ifdef DEBUG_IOPORT
    if (loglevel & CPU_LOG_IOPORT)
        fprintf(logfile, "inl : %04x %08x\n", addr, val);
#endif
    return val;
}

/***********************************************************/
void hw_error(const char *fmt, ...)
{
    va_list ap;
    CPUState *env;

    va_start(ap, fmt);
    fprintf(stderr, "qemu: hardware error: ");
    vfprintf(stderr, fmt, ap);
    fprintf(stderr, "\n");
    for(env = first_cpu; env != NULL; env = env->next_cpu) {
        fprintf(stderr, "CPU #%d:\n", env->cpu_index);
#ifdef TARGET_I386
        cpu_dump_state(env, stderr, fprintf, X86_DUMP_FPU);
#else
        cpu_dump_state(env, stderr, fprintf, 0);
#endif
    }
    va_end(ap);
    abort();
}

/***********************************************************/
/* keyboard/mouse */

static QEMUPutKBDEvent *qemu_put_kbd_event;
static void *qemu_put_kbd_event_opaque;
static QEMUPutMouseEvent *qemu_put_mouse_event;
static void *qemu_put_mouse_event_opaque;

void qemu_add_kbd_event_handler(QEMUPutKBDEvent *func, void *opaque)
{
    qemu_put_kbd_event_opaque = opaque;
    qemu_put_kbd_event = func;
}

void qemu_add_mouse_event_handler(QEMUPutMouseEvent *func, void *opaque)
{
    qemu_put_mouse_event_opaque = opaque;
    qemu_put_mouse_event = func;
}

void kbd_put_keycode(int keycode)
{
    if (qemu_put_kbd_event) {
        qemu_put_kbd_event(qemu_put_kbd_event_opaque, keycode);
    }
}

void kbd_mouse_event(int dx, int dy, int dz, int buttons_state)
{
    if (qemu_put_mouse_event) {
        qemu_put_mouse_event(qemu_put_mouse_event_opaque, 
                             dx, dy, dz, buttons_state);
    }
}

/***********************************************************/
/* timers */

#if defined(__powerpc__)

static inline uint32_t get_tbl(void) 
{
    uint32_t tbl;
    asm volatile("mftb %0" : "=r" (tbl));
    return tbl;
}

static inline uint32_t get_tbu(void) 
{
        uint32_t tbl;
        asm volatile("mftbu %0" : "=r" (tbl));
        return tbl;
}

int64_t cpu_get_real_ticks(void)
{
    uint32_t l, h, h1;
    /* NOTE: we test if wrapping has occurred */
    do {
        h = get_tbu();
        l = get_tbl();
        h1 = get_tbu();
    } while (h != h1);
    return ((int64_t)h << 32) | l;
}

#elif defined(__i386__)

int64_t cpu_get_real_ticks(void)
{
    int64_t val;
    asm volatile ("rdtsc" : "=A" (val));
    return val;
}

#elif defined(__x86_64__)

int64_t cpu_get_real_ticks(void)
{
    uint32_t low,high;
    int64_t val;
    asm volatile("rdtsc" : "=a" (low), "=d" (high));
    val = high;
    val <<= 32;
    val |= low;
    return val;
}

#elif defined(__ia64)

int64_t cpu_get_real_ticks(void)
{
        int64_t val;
        asm volatile ("mov %0 = ar.itc" : "=r"(val) :: "memory");
        return val;
}

#elif defined(__s390__)

int64_t cpu_get_real_ticks(void)
{
    int64_t val;
    asm volatile("stck 0(%1)" : "=m" (val) : "a" (&val) : "cc");
    return val;
}

#else
#error unsupported CPU
#endif

static int64_t cpu_ticks_offset;
static int cpu_ticks_enabled;

static inline int64_t cpu_get_ticks(void)
{
    if (!cpu_ticks_enabled) {
        return cpu_ticks_offset;
    } else {
        return cpu_get_real_ticks() + cpu_ticks_offset;
    }
}

/* enable cpu_get_ticks() */
void cpu_enable_ticks(void)
{
    if (!cpu_ticks_enabled) {
        cpu_ticks_offset -= cpu_get_real_ticks();
        cpu_ticks_enabled = 1;
    }
}

/* disable cpu_get_ticks() : the clock is stopped. You must not call
   cpu_get_ticks() after that.  */
void cpu_disable_ticks(void)
{
    if (cpu_ticks_enabled) {
        cpu_ticks_offset = cpu_get_ticks();
        cpu_ticks_enabled = 0;
    }
}

static int64_t get_clock(void)
{
#ifdef _WIN32
    struct _timeb tb;
    _ftime(&tb);
    return ((int64_t)tb.time * 1000 + (int64_t)tb.millitm) * 1000;
#else
    struct timeval tv;
    gettimeofday(&tv, NULL);
    return tv.tv_sec * 1000000LL + tv.tv_usec;
#endif
}

void cpu_calibrate_ticks(void)
{
    int64_t usec, ticks;

    usec = get_clock();
    ticks = cpu_get_real_ticks();
#ifdef _WIN32
    Sleep(50);
#else
    usleep(50 * 1000);
#endif
    usec = get_clock() - usec;
    ticks = cpu_get_real_ticks() - ticks;
    ticks_per_sec = (ticks * 1000000LL + (usec >> 1)) / usec;
}

/* compute with 96 bit intermediate result: (a*b)/c */
uint64_t muldiv64(uint64_t a, uint32_t b, uint32_t c)
{
    union {
        uint64_t ll;
        struct {
#ifdef WORDS_BIGENDIAN
            uint32_t high, low;
#else
            uint32_t low, high;
#endif            
        } l;
    } u, res;
    uint64_t rl, rh;

    u.ll = a;
    rl = (uint64_t)u.l.low * (uint64_t)b;
    rh = (uint64_t)u.l.high * (uint64_t)b;
    rh += (rl >> 32);
    res.l.high = rh / c;
    res.l.low = (((rh % c) << 32) + (rl & 0xffffffff)) / c;
    return res.ll;
}

#define QEMU_TIMER_REALTIME 0
#define QEMU_TIMER_VIRTUAL  1

struct QEMUClock {
    int type;
    /* XXX: add frequency */
};

struct QEMUTimer {
    QEMUClock *clock;
    int64_t expire_time;
    QEMUTimerCB *cb;
    void *opaque;
    struct QEMUTimer *next;
};

QEMUClock *rt_clock;
QEMUClock *vm_clock;

static QEMUTimer *active_timers[2];
#ifdef _WIN32
static MMRESULT timerID;
#else
/* frequency of the times() clock tick */
static int timer_freq;
#endif

QEMUClock *qemu_new_clock(int type)
{
    QEMUClock *clock;
    clock = qemu_mallocz(sizeof(QEMUClock));
    if (!clock)
        return NULL;
    clock->type = type;
    return clock;
}

QEMUTimer *qemu_new_timer(QEMUClock *clock, QEMUTimerCB *cb, void *opaque)
{
    QEMUTimer *ts;

    ts = qemu_mallocz(sizeof(QEMUTimer));
    ts->clock = clock;
    ts->cb = cb;
    ts->opaque = opaque;
    return ts;
}

void qemu_free_timer(QEMUTimer *ts)
{
    qemu_free(ts);
}

/* stop a timer, but do not dealloc it */
void qemu_del_timer(QEMUTimer *ts)
{
    QEMUTimer **pt, *t;

    /* NOTE: this code must be signal safe because
       qemu_timer_expired() can be called from a signal. */
    pt = &active_timers[ts->clock->type];
    for(;;) {
        t = *pt;
        if (!t)
            break;
        if (t == ts) {
            *pt = t->next;
            break;
        }
        pt = &t->next;
    }
}

/* modify the current timer so that it will be fired when current_time
   >= expire_time. The corresponding callback will be called. */
void qemu_mod_timer(QEMUTimer *ts, int64_t expire_time)
{
    QEMUTimer **pt, *t;

    qemu_del_timer(ts);

    /* add the timer in the sorted list */
    /* NOTE: this code must be signal safe because
       qemu_timer_expired() can be called from a signal. */
    pt = &active_timers[ts->clock->type];
    for(;;) {
        t = *pt;
        if (!t)
            break;
        if (t->expire_time > expire_time) 
            break;
        pt = &t->next;
    }
    ts->expire_time = expire_time;
    ts->next = *pt;
    *pt = ts;
}

int qemu_timer_pending(QEMUTimer *ts)
{
    QEMUTimer *t;
    for(t = active_timers[ts->clock->type]; t != NULL; t = t->next) {
        if (t == ts)
            return 1;
    }
    return 0;
}

static inline int qemu_timer_expired(QEMUTimer *timer_head, int64_t current_time)
{
    if (!timer_head)
        return 0;
    return (timer_head->expire_time <= current_time);
}

static void qemu_run_timers(QEMUTimer **ptimer_head, int64_t current_time)
{
    QEMUTimer *ts;
    
    for(;;) {
        ts = *ptimer_head;
        if (!ts || ts->expire_time > current_time)
            break;
        /* remove timer from the list before calling the callback */
        *ptimer_head = ts->next;
        ts->next = NULL;
        
        /* run the callback (the timer list can be modified) */
        ts->cb(ts->opaque);
    }
}

int64_t qemu_get_clock(QEMUClock *clock)
{
    switch(clock->type) {
    case QEMU_TIMER_REALTIME:
#ifdef _WIN32
        return GetTickCount();
#else
        {
            struct tms tp;

            /* Note that using gettimeofday() is not a good solution
               for timers because its value change when the date is
               modified. */
            if (timer_freq == 100) {
                return times(&tp) * 10;
            } else {
                return ((int64_t)times(&tp) * 1000) / timer_freq;
            }
        }
#endif
    default:
    case QEMU_TIMER_VIRTUAL:
        return cpu_get_ticks();
    }
}

/* save a timer */
void qemu_put_timer(QEMUFile *f, QEMUTimer *ts)
{
    uint64_t expire_time;

    if (qemu_timer_pending(ts)) {
        expire_time = ts->expire_time;
    } else {
        expire_time = -1;
    }
    qemu_put_be64(f, expire_time);
}

void qemu_get_timer(QEMUFile *f, QEMUTimer *ts)
{
    uint64_t expire_time;

    expire_time = qemu_get_be64(f);
    if (expire_time != -1) {
        qemu_mod_timer(ts, expire_time);
    } else {
        qemu_del_timer(ts);
    }
}

static void timer_save(QEMUFile *f, void *opaque)
{
    if (cpu_ticks_enabled) {
        hw_error("cannot save state if virtual timers are running");
    }
    qemu_put_be64s(f, &cpu_ticks_offset);
    qemu_put_be64s(f, &ticks_per_sec);
}

static int timer_load(QEMUFile *f, void *opaque, int version_id)
{
    if (version_id != 1)
        return -EINVAL;
    if (cpu_ticks_enabled) {
        return -EINVAL;
    }
    qemu_get_be64s(f, &cpu_ticks_offset);
    qemu_get_be64s(f, &ticks_per_sec);
    return 0;
}

#ifdef _WIN32
void CALLBACK host_alarm_handler(UINT uTimerID, UINT uMsg, 
                                 DWORD_PTR dwUser, DWORD_PTR dw1, DWORD_PTR dw2)
#else
static void host_alarm_handler(int host_signum)
#endif
{
#if 0
#define DISP_FREQ 1000
    {
        static int64_t delta_min = INT64_MAX;
        static int64_t delta_max, delta_cum, last_clock, delta, ti;
        static int count;
        ti = qemu_get_clock(vm_clock);
        if (last_clock != 0) {
            delta = ti - last_clock;
            if (delta < delta_min)
                delta_min = delta;
            if (delta > delta_max)
                delta_max = delta;
            delta_cum += delta;
            if (++count == DISP_FREQ) {
                printf("timer: min=%lld us max=%lld us avg=%lld us avg_freq=%0.3f Hz\n",
                       muldiv64(delta_min, 1000000, ticks_per_sec),
                       muldiv64(delta_max, 1000000, ticks_per_sec),
                       muldiv64(delta_cum, 1000000 / DISP_FREQ, ticks_per_sec),
                       (double)ticks_per_sec / ((double)delta_cum / DISP_FREQ));
                count = 0;
                delta_min = INT64_MAX;
                delta_max = 0;
                delta_cum = 0;
            }
        }
        last_clock = ti;
    }
#endif
    if (qemu_timer_expired(active_timers[QEMU_TIMER_VIRTUAL],
                           qemu_get_clock(vm_clock)) ||
        qemu_timer_expired(active_timers[QEMU_TIMER_REALTIME],
                           qemu_get_clock(rt_clock))) {
        CPUState *env = cpu_single_env;
        if (env) {
            /* stop the currently executing cpu because a timer occured */
            cpu_interrupt(env, CPU_INTERRUPT_EXIT);
#ifdef USE_KQEMU
            if (env->kqemu_enabled) {
                kqemu_cpu_interrupt(env);
            }
#endif
        }
    }
}

#ifndef _WIN32

#if defined(__linux__)

#define RTC_FREQ 1024

static int rtc_fd;

static int start_rtc_timer(void)
{
    rtc_fd = open("/dev/rtc", O_RDONLY);
    if (rtc_fd < 0)
        return -1;
    if (ioctl(rtc_fd, RTC_IRQP_SET, RTC_FREQ) < 0) {
        fprintf(stderr, "Could not configure '/dev/rtc' to have a 1024 Hz timer. This is not a fatal\n"
                "error, but for better emulation accuracy either use a 2.6 host Linux kernel or\n"
                "type 'echo 1024 > /proc/sys/dev/rtc/max-user-freq' as root.\n");
        goto fail;
    }
    if (ioctl(rtc_fd, RTC_PIE_ON, 0) < 0) {
    fail:
        close(rtc_fd);
        return -1;
    }
    pit_min_timer_count = PIT_FREQ / RTC_FREQ;
    return 0;
}

#else

static int start_rtc_timer(void)
{
    return -1;
}

#endif /* !defined(__linux__) */

#endif /* !defined(_WIN32) */

static void init_timers(void)
{
    rt_clock = qemu_new_clock(QEMU_TIMER_REALTIME);
    vm_clock = qemu_new_clock(QEMU_TIMER_VIRTUAL);

#ifdef _WIN32
    {
        int count=0;
        timerID = timeSetEvent(1,     // interval (ms)
                               0,     // resolution
                               host_alarm_handler, // function
                               (DWORD)&count,  // user parameter
                               TIME_PERIODIC | TIME_CALLBACK_FUNCTION);
        if( !timerID ) {
            perror("failed timer alarm");
            exit(1);
        }
    }
    pit_min_timer_count = ((uint64_t)10000 * PIT_FREQ) / 1000000;
#else
    {
        struct sigaction act;
        struct itimerval itv;
        
        /* get times() syscall frequency */
        timer_freq = sysconf(_SC_CLK_TCK);
        
        /* timer signal */
        sigfillset(&act.sa_mask);
       act.sa_flags = 0;
#if defined (TARGET_I386) && defined(USE_CODE_COPY)
        act.sa_flags |= SA_ONSTACK;
#endif
        act.sa_handler = host_alarm_handler;
        sigaction(SIGALRM, &act, NULL);

        itv.it_interval.tv_sec = 0;
        itv.it_interval.tv_usec = 999; /* for i386 kernel 2.6 to get 1 ms */
        itv.it_value.tv_sec = 0;
        itv.it_value.tv_usec = 10 * 1000;
        setitimer(ITIMER_REAL, &itv, NULL);
        /* we probe the tick duration of the kernel to inform the user if
           the emulated kernel requested a too high timer frequency */
        getitimer(ITIMER_REAL, &itv);

#if defined(__linux__)
        if (itv.it_interval.tv_usec > 1000) {
            /* try to use /dev/rtc to have a faster timer */
            if (start_rtc_timer() < 0)
                goto use_itimer;
            /* disable itimer */
            itv.it_interval.tv_sec = 0;
            itv.it_interval.tv_usec = 0;
            itv.it_value.tv_sec = 0;
            itv.it_value.tv_usec = 0;
            setitimer(ITIMER_REAL, &itv, NULL);

            /* use the RTC */
            sigaction(SIGIO, &act, NULL);
            fcntl(rtc_fd, F_SETFL, O_ASYNC);
            fcntl(rtc_fd, F_SETOWN, getpid());
        } else 
#endif /* defined(__linux__) */
        {
        use_itimer:
            pit_min_timer_count = ((uint64_t)itv.it_interval.tv_usec * 
                                   PIT_FREQ) / 1000000;
        }
    }
#endif
}

void quit_timers(void)
{
#ifdef _WIN32
    timeKillEvent(timerID);
#endif
}

/***********************************************************/
/* character device */

int qemu_chr_write(CharDriverState *s, const uint8_t *buf, int len)
{
    return s->chr_write(s, buf, len);
}

int qemu_chr_ioctl(CharDriverState *s, int cmd, void *arg)
{
    if (!s->chr_ioctl)
        return -ENOTSUP;
    return s->chr_ioctl(s, cmd, arg);
}

void qemu_chr_printf(CharDriverState *s, const char *fmt, ...)
{
    char buf[4096];
    va_list ap;
    va_start(ap, fmt);
    vsnprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), fmt, ap);
    qemu_chr_write(s, buf, strlen(buf));
    va_end(ap);
}

void qemu_chr_send_event(CharDriverState *s, int event)
{
    if (s->chr_send_event)
        s->chr_send_event(s, event);
}

void qemu_chr_add_read_handler(CharDriverState *s, 
                               IOCanRWHandler *fd_can_read, 
                               IOReadHandler *fd_read, void *opaque)
{
    s->chr_add_read_handler(s, fd_can_read, fd_read, opaque);
}
             
void qemu_chr_add_event_handler(CharDriverState *s, IOEventHandler *chr_event)
{
    s->chr_event = chr_event;
}

static int null_chr_write(CharDriverState *chr, const uint8_t *buf, int len)
{
    return len;
}

static void null_chr_add_read_handler(CharDriverState *chr, 
                                    IOCanRWHandler *fd_can_read, 
                                    IOReadHandler *fd_read, void *opaque)
{
}

CharDriverState *qemu_chr_open_null(void)
{
    CharDriverState *chr;

    chr = qemu_mallocz(sizeof(CharDriverState));
    if (!chr)
        return NULL;
    chr->chr_write = null_chr_write;
    chr->chr_add_read_handler = null_chr_add_read_handler;
    return chr;
}

#ifndef _WIN32

typedef struct {
    int fd_in, fd_out;
    IOCanRWHandler *fd_can_read; 
    IOReadHandler *fd_read;
    void *fd_opaque;
    int max_size;
} FDCharDriver;

#define STDIO_MAX_CLIENTS 2

static int stdio_nb_clients;
static CharDriverState *stdio_clients[STDIO_MAX_CLIENTS];

static int unix_write(int fd, const uint8_t *buf, int len1)
{
    int ret, len;

    len = len1;
    while (len > 0) {
        ret = write(fd, buf, len);
        if (ret < 0) {
            if (errno != EINTR && errno != EAGAIN)
                return -1;
        } else if (ret == 0) {
            break;
        } else {
            buf += ret;
            len -= ret;
        }
    }
    return len1 - len;
}

static int fd_chr_write(CharDriverState *chr, const uint8_t *buf, int len)
{
    FDCharDriver *s = chr->opaque;
    return unix_write(s->fd_out, buf, len);
}

static int fd_chr_read_poll(void *opaque)
{
    CharDriverState *chr = opaque;
    FDCharDriver *s = chr->opaque;

    s->max_size = s->fd_can_read(s->fd_opaque);
    return s->max_size;
}

static void fd_chr_read(void *opaque)
{
    CharDriverState *chr = opaque;
    FDCharDriver *s = chr->opaque;
    int size, len;
    uint8_t buf[1024];
    
    len = sizeof(buf);
    if (len > s->max_size)
        len = s->max_size;
    if (len == 0)
        return;
    size = read(s->fd_in, buf, len);
    if (size > 0) {
        s->fd_read(s->fd_opaque, buf, size);
    }
}

static void fd_chr_add_read_handler(CharDriverState *chr, 
                                    IOCanRWHandler *fd_can_read, 
                                    IOReadHandler *fd_read, void *opaque)
{
    FDCharDriver *s = chr->opaque;

    if (s->fd_in >= 0) {
        s->fd_can_read = fd_can_read;
        s->fd_read = fd_read;
        s->fd_opaque = opaque;
        if (nographic && s->fd_in == 0) {
        } else {
            qemu_set_fd_handler2(s->fd_in, fd_chr_read_poll, 
                                 fd_chr_read, NULL, chr);
        }
    }
}

/* open a character device to a unix fd */
CharDriverState *qemu_chr_open_fd(int fd_in, int fd_out)
{
    CharDriverState *chr;
    FDCharDriver *s;

    chr = qemu_mallocz(sizeof(CharDriverState));
    if (!chr)
        return NULL;
    s = qemu_mallocz(sizeof(FDCharDriver));
    if (!s) {
        free(chr);
        return NULL;
    }
    s->fd_in = fd_in;
    s->fd_out = fd_out;
    chr->opaque = s;
    chr->chr_write = fd_chr_write;
    chr->chr_add_read_handler = fd_chr_add_read_handler;
    return chr;
}

CharDriverState *qemu_chr_open_file_out(const char *file_out)
{
    int fd_out;

    fd_out = open(file_out, O_WRONLY | O_TRUNC | O_CREAT | O_BINARY);
    if (fd_out < 0)
        return NULL;
    return qemu_chr_open_fd(-1, fd_out);
}

CharDriverState *qemu_chr_open_pipe(const char *filename)
{
    int fd;

    fd = open(filename, O_RDWR | O_BINARY);
    if (fd < 0)
        return NULL;
    return qemu_chr_open_fd(fd, fd);
}


/* for STDIO, we handle the case where several clients use it
   (nographic mode) */

#define TERM_ESCAPE 0x01 /* ctrl-a is used for escape */

#define TERM_FIFO_MAX_SIZE 1

static int term_got_escape, client_index;
static uint8_t term_fifo[TERM_FIFO_MAX_SIZE];
int term_fifo_size;

void term_print_help(void)
{
    printf("\n"
           "C-a h    print this help\n"
           "C-a x    exit emulator\n"
           "C-a s    save disk data back to file (if -snapshot)\n"
           "C-a b    send break (magic sysrq)\n"
           "C-a c    switch between console and monitor\n"
           "C-a C-a  send C-a\n"
           );
}

/* called when a char is received */
static void stdio_received_byte(int ch)
{
    if (term_got_escape) {
        term_got_escape = 0;
        switch(ch) {
        case 'h':
            term_print_help();
            break;
        case 'x':
            exit(0);
            break;
        case 's': 
            {
                int i;
                for (i = 0; i < MAX_DISKS; i++) {
                    if (bs_table[i])
                        bdrv_commit(bs_table[i]);
                }
            }
            break;
        case 'b':
            if (client_index < stdio_nb_clients) {
                CharDriverState *chr;
                FDCharDriver *s;

                chr = stdio_clients[client_index];
                s = chr->opaque;
                chr->chr_event(s->fd_opaque, CHR_EVENT_BREAK);
            }
            break;
        case 'c':
            client_index++;
            if (client_index >= stdio_nb_clients)
                client_index = 0;
            if (client_index == 0) {
                /* send a new line in the monitor to get the prompt */
                ch = '\r';
                goto send_char;
            }
            break;
        case TERM_ESCAPE:
            goto send_char;
        }
    } else if (ch == TERM_ESCAPE) {
        term_got_escape = 1;
    } else {
    send_char:
        if (client_index < stdio_nb_clients) {
            uint8_t buf[1];
            CharDriverState *chr;
            FDCharDriver *s;
            
            chr = stdio_clients[client_index];
            s = chr->opaque;
            if (s->fd_can_read(s->fd_opaque) > 0) {
                buf[0] = ch;
                s->fd_read(s->fd_opaque, buf, 1);
            } else if (term_fifo_size == 0) {
                term_fifo[term_fifo_size++] = ch;
            }
        }
    }
}

static int stdio_read_poll(void *opaque)
{
    CharDriverState *chr;
    FDCharDriver *s;

    if (client_index < stdio_nb_clients) {
        chr = stdio_clients[client_index];
        s = chr->opaque;
        /* try to flush the queue if needed */
        if (term_fifo_size != 0 && s->fd_can_read(s->fd_opaque) > 0) {
            s->fd_read(s->fd_opaque, term_fifo, 1);
            term_fifo_size = 0;
        }
        /* see if we can absorb more chars */
        if (term_fifo_size == 0)
            return 1;
        else
            return 0;
    } else {
        return 1;
    }
}

static void stdio_read(void *opaque)
{
    int size;
    uint8_t buf[1];
    
    size = read(0, buf, 1);
    if (size > 0)
        stdio_received_byte(buf[0]);
}

/* init terminal so that we can grab keys */
static struct termios oldtty;
static int old_fd0_flags;

static void term_exit(void)
{
    tcsetattr (0, TCSANOW, &oldtty);
    fcntl(0, F_SETFL, old_fd0_flags);
}

static void term_init(void)
{
    struct termios tty;

    tcgetattr (0, &tty);
    oldtty = tty;
    old_fd0_flags = fcntl(0, F_GETFL);

    tty.c_iflag &= ~(IGNBRK|BRKINT|PARMRK|ISTRIP
                          |INLCR|IGNCR|ICRNL|IXON);
    tty.c_oflag |= OPOST;
    tty.c_lflag &= ~(ECHO|ECHONL|ICANON|IEXTEN);
    /* if graphical mode, we allow Ctrl-C handling */
    if (nographic)
        tty.c_lflag &= ~ISIG;
    tty.c_cflag &= ~(CSIZE|PARENB);
    tty.c_cflag |= CS8;
    tty.c_cc[VMIN] = 1;
    tty.c_cc[VTIME] = 0;
    
    tcsetattr (0, TCSANOW, &tty);

    atexit(term_exit);

    fcntl(0, F_SETFL, O_NONBLOCK);
}

CharDriverState *qemu_chr_open_stdio(void)
{
    CharDriverState *chr;

    if (nographic) {
        if (stdio_nb_clients >= STDIO_MAX_CLIENTS)
            return NULL;
        chr = qemu_chr_open_fd(0, 1);
        if (stdio_nb_clients == 0)
            qemu_set_fd_handler2(0, stdio_read_poll, stdio_read, NULL, NULL);
        client_index = stdio_nb_clients;
    } else {
        if (stdio_nb_clients != 0)
            return NULL;
        chr = qemu_chr_open_fd(0, 1);
    }
    stdio_clients[stdio_nb_clients++] = chr;
    if (stdio_nb_clients == 1) {
        /* set the terminal in raw mode */
        term_init();
    }
    return chr;
}

#if defined(__linux__)
CharDriverState *qemu_chr_open_pty(void)
{
    struct termios tty;
    char slave_name[1024];
    int master_fd, slave_fd;
    
    /* Not satisfying */
    if (openpty(&master_fd, &slave_fd, slave_name, NULL, NULL) < 0) {
        return NULL;
    }
    
    /* Disabling local echo and line-buffered output */
    tcgetattr (master_fd, &tty);
    tty.c_lflag &= ~(ECHO|ICANON|ISIG);
    tty.c_cc[VMIN] = 1;
    tty.c_cc[VTIME] = 0;
    tcsetattr (master_fd, TCSAFLUSH, &tty);

    fprintf(stderr, "char device redirected to %s\n", slave_name);
    return qemu_chr_open_fd(master_fd, master_fd);
}

static void tty_serial_init(int fd, int speed, 
                            int parity, int data_bits, int stop_bits)
{
    struct termios tty;
    speed_t spd;

#if 0
    printf("tty_serial_init: speed=%d parity=%c data=%d stop=%d\n", 
           speed, parity, data_bits, stop_bits);
#endif
    tcgetattr (fd, &tty);

    switch(speed) {
    case 50:
        spd = B50;
        break;
    case 75:
        spd = B75;
        break;
    case 300:
        spd = B300;
        break;
    case 600:
        spd = B600;
        break;
    case 1200:
        spd = B1200;
        break;
    case 2400:
        spd = B2400;
        break;
    case 4800:
        spd = B4800;
        break;
    case 9600:
        spd = B9600;
        break;
    case 19200:
        spd = B19200;
        break;
    case 38400:
        spd = B38400;
        break;
    case 57600:
        spd = B57600;
        break;
    default:
    case 115200:
        spd = B115200;
        break;
    }

    cfsetispeed(&tty, spd);
    cfsetospeed(&tty, spd);

    tty.c_iflag &= ~(IGNBRK|BRKINT|PARMRK|ISTRIP
                          |INLCR|IGNCR|ICRNL|IXON);
    tty.c_oflag |= OPOST;
    tty.c_lflag &= ~(ECHO|ECHONL|ICANON|IEXTEN|ISIG);
    tty.c_cflag &= ~(CSIZE|PARENB|PARODD|CRTSCTS);
    switch(data_bits) {
    default:
    case 8:
        tty.c_cflag |= CS8;
        break;
    case 7:
        tty.c_cflag |= CS7;
        break;
    case 6:
        tty.c_cflag |= CS6;
        break;
    case 5:
        tty.c_cflag |= CS5;
        break;
    }
    switch(parity) {
    default:
    case 'N':
        break;
    case 'E':
        tty.c_cflag |= PARENB;
        break;
    case 'O':
        tty.c_cflag |= PARENB | PARODD;
        break;
    }
    
    tcsetattr (fd, TCSANOW, &tty);
}

static int tty_serial_ioctl(CharDriverState *chr, int cmd, void *arg)
{
    FDCharDriver *s = chr->opaque;
    
    switch(cmd) {
    case CHR_IOCTL_SERIAL_SET_PARAMS:
        {
            QEMUSerialSetParams *ssp = arg;
            tty_serial_init(s->fd_in, ssp->speed, ssp->parity, 
                            ssp->data_bits, ssp->stop_bits);
        }
        break;
    case CHR_IOCTL_SERIAL_SET_BREAK:
        {
            int enable = *(int *)arg;
            if (enable)
                tcsendbreak(s->fd_in, 1);
        }
        break;
    default:
        return -ENOTSUP;
    }
    return 0;
}

CharDriverState *qemu_chr_open_tty(const char *filename)
{
    CharDriverState *chr;
    int fd;

    fd = open(filename, O_RDWR | O_NONBLOCK);
    if (fd < 0)
        return NULL;
    fcntl(fd, F_SETFL, O_NONBLOCK);
    tty_serial_init(fd, 115200, 'N', 8, 1);
    chr = qemu_chr_open_fd(fd, fd);
    if (!chr)
        return NULL;
    chr->chr_ioctl = tty_serial_ioctl;
    return chr;
}

static int pp_ioctl(CharDriverState *chr, int cmd, void *arg)
{
    int fd = (int)chr->opaque;
    uint8_t b;

    switch(cmd) {
    case CHR_IOCTL_PP_READ_DATA:
        if (ioctl(fd, PPRDATA, &b) < 0)
            return -ENOTSUP;
        *(uint8_t *)arg = b;
        break;
    case CHR_IOCTL_PP_WRITE_DATA:
        b = *(uint8_t *)arg;
        if (ioctl(fd, PPWDATA, &b) < 0)
            return -ENOTSUP;
        break;
    case CHR_IOCTL_PP_READ_CONTROL:
        if (ioctl(fd, PPRCONTROL, &b) < 0)
            return -ENOTSUP;
        *(uint8_t *)arg = b;
        break;
    case CHR_IOCTL_PP_WRITE_CONTROL:
        b = *(uint8_t *)arg;
        if (ioctl(fd, PPWCONTROL, &b) < 0)
            return -ENOTSUP;
        break;
    case CHR_IOCTL_PP_READ_STATUS:
        if (ioctl(fd, PPRSTATUS, &b) < 0)
            return -ENOTSUP;
        *(uint8_t *)arg = b;
        break;
    default:
        return -ENOTSUP;
    }
    return 0;
}

CharDriverState *qemu_chr_open_pp(const char *filename)
{
    CharDriverState *chr;
    int fd;

    fd = open(filename, O_RDWR);
    if (fd < 0)
        return NULL;

    if (ioctl(fd, PPCLAIM) < 0) {
        close(fd);
        return NULL;
    }

    chr = qemu_mallocz(sizeof(CharDriverState));
    if (!chr) {
        close(fd);
        return NULL;
    }
    chr->opaque = (void *)fd;
    chr->chr_write = null_chr_write;
    chr->chr_add_read_handler = null_chr_add_read_handler;
    chr->chr_ioctl = pp_ioctl;
    return chr;
}

#else
CharDriverState *qemu_chr_open_pty(void)
{
    return NULL;
}
#endif

#endif /* !defined(_WIN32) */

CharDriverState *qemu_chr_open(const char *filename)
{
    const char *p;
    if (!strcmp(filename, "vc")) {
        return text_console_init(&display_state);
    } else if (!strcmp(filename, "null")) {
        return qemu_chr_open_null();
    } else 
#ifndef _WIN32
    if (strstart(filename, "file:", &p)) {
        return qemu_chr_open_file_out(p);
    } else if (strstart(filename, "pipe:", &p)) {
        return qemu_chr_open_pipe(p);
    } else if (!strcmp(filename, "pty")) {
        return qemu_chr_open_pty();
    } else if (!strcmp(filename, "stdio")) {
        return qemu_chr_open_stdio();
    } else 
#endif
#if defined(__linux__)
    if (strstart(filename, "/dev/parport", NULL)) {
        return qemu_chr_open_pp(filename);
    } else 
    if (strstart(filename, "/dev/", NULL)) {
        return qemu_chr_open_tty(filename);
    } else 
#endif
    {
        return NULL;
    }
}

/***********************************************************/
/* network device redirectors */

void hex_dump(FILE *f, const uint8_t *buf, int size)
{
    int len, i, j, c;

    for(i=0;i<size;i+=16) {
        len = size - i;
        if (len > 16)
            len = 16;
        fprintf(f, "%08x ", i);
        for(j=0;j<16;j++) {
            if (j < len)
                fprintf(f, " %02x", buf[i+j]);
            else
                fprintf(f, "   ");
        }
        fprintf(f, " ");
        for(j=0;j<len;j++) {
            c = buf[i+j];
            if (c < ' ' || c > '~')
                c = '.';
            fprintf(f, "%c", c);
        }
        fprintf(f, "\n");
    }
}

static int parse_macaddr(uint8_t *macaddr, const char *p)
{
    int i;
    for(i = 0; i < 6; i++) {
        macaddr[i] = strtol(p, (char **)&p, 16);
        if (i == 5) {
            if (*p != '\0') 
                return -1;
        } else {
            if (*p != ':') 
                return -1;
            p++;
        }
    }
    return 0;
}

static int get_str_sep(char *buf, int buf_size, const char **pp, int sep)
{
    const char *p, *p1;
    int len;
    p = *pp;
    p1 = strchr(p, sep);
    if (!p1)
        return -1;
    len = p1 - p;
    p1++;
    if (buf_size > 0) {
        if (len > buf_size - 1)
            len = buf_size - 1;
        memcpy(buf, p, len);
        buf[len] = '\0';
    }
    *pp = p1;
    return 0;
}

int parse_host_port(struct sockaddr_in *saddr, const char *str)
{
    char buf[512];
    struct hostent *he;
    const char *p, *r;
    int port;

    p = str;
    if (get_str_sep(buf, sizeof(buf), &p, ':') < 0)
        return -1;
    saddr->sin_family = AF_INET;
    if (buf[0] == '\0') {
        saddr->sin_addr.s_addr = 0;
    } else {
        if (isdigit(buf[0])) {
            if (!inet_aton(buf, &saddr->sin_addr))
                return -1;
        } else {
#ifdef _WIN32
            return -1;
#else
            if ((he = gethostbyname(buf)) == NULL)
                return - 1;
            saddr->sin_addr = *(struct in_addr *)he->h_addr;
#endif
        }
    }
    port = strtol(p, (char **)&r, 0);
    if (r == p)
        return -1;
    saddr->sin_port = htons(port);
    return 0;
}

/* find or alloc a new VLAN */
VLANState *qemu_find_vlan(int id)
{
    VLANState **pvlan, *vlan;
    for(vlan = first_vlan; vlan != NULL; vlan = vlan->next) {
        if (vlan->id == id)
            return vlan;
    }
    vlan = qemu_mallocz(sizeof(VLANState));
    if (!vlan)
        return NULL;
    vlan->id = id;
    vlan->next = NULL;
    pvlan = &first_vlan;
    while (*pvlan != NULL)
        pvlan = &(*pvlan)->next;
    *pvlan = vlan;
    return vlan;
}

VLANClientState *qemu_new_vlan_client(VLANState *vlan,
                                      IOReadHandler *fd_read, void *opaque)
{
    VLANClientState *vc, **pvc;
    vc = qemu_mallocz(sizeof(VLANClientState));
    if (!vc)
        return NULL;
    vc->fd_read = fd_read;
    vc->opaque = opaque;
    vc->vlan = vlan;

    vc->next = NULL;
    pvc = &vlan->first_client;
    while (*pvc != NULL)
        pvc = &(*pvc)->next;
    *pvc = vc;
    return vc;
}

void qemu_send_packet(VLANClientState *vc1, const uint8_t *buf, int size)
{
    VLANState *vlan = vc1->vlan;
    VLANClientState *vc;

#if 0
    printf("vlan %d send:\n", vlan->id);
    hex_dump(stdout, buf, size);
#endif
    for(vc = vlan->first_client; vc != NULL; vc = vc->next) {
        if (vc != vc1) {
            vc->fd_read(vc->opaque, buf, size);
        }
    }
}

#if defined(CONFIG_SLIRP)

/* slirp network adapter */

static int slirp_inited;
static VLANClientState *slirp_vc;

int slirp_can_output(void)
{
    return 1;
}

void slirp_output(const uint8_t *pkt, int pkt_len)
{
#if 0
    printf("slirp output:\n");
    hex_dump(stdout, pkt, pkt_len);
#endif
    qemu_send_packet(slirp_vc, pkt, pkt_len);
}

static void slirp_receive(void *opaque, const uint8_t *buf, int size)
{
#if 0
    printf("slirp input:\n");
    hex_dump(stdout, buf, size);
#endif
    slirp_input(buf, size);
}

static int net_slirp_init(VLANState *vlan)
{
    if (!slirp_inited) {
        slirp_inited = 1;
        slirp_init();
    }
    slirp_vc = qemu_new_vlan_client(vlan, 
                                    slirp_receive, NULL);
    snprintf(slirp_vc->info_str, sizeof(slirp_vc->info_str), "user redirector");
    return 0;
}

static void net_slirp_redir(const char *redir_str)
{
    int is_udp;
    char buf[256], *r;
    const char *p;
    struct in_addr guest_addr;
    int host_port, guest_port;
    
    if (!slirp_inited) {
        slirp_inited = 1;
        slirp_init();
    }

    p = redir_str;
    if (get_str_sep(buf, sizeof(buf), &p, ':') < 0)
        goto fail;
    if (!strcmp(buf, "tcp")) {
        is_udp = 0;
    } else if (!strcmp(buf, "udp")) {
        is_udp = 1;
    } else {
        goto fail;
    }

    if (get_str_sep(buf, sizeof(buf), &p, ':') < 0)
        goto fail;
    host_port = strtol(buf, &r, 0);
    if (r == buf)
        goto fail;

    if (get_str_sep(buf, sizeof(buf), &p, ':') < 0)
        goto fail;
    if (buf[0] == '\0') {
        pstrcpy(buf, sizeof(buf), "10.0.2.15");
    }
    if (!inet_aton(buf, &guest_addr))
        goto fail;
    
    guest_port = strtol(p, &r, 0);
    if (r == p)
        goto fail;
    
    if (slirp_redir(is_udp, host_port, guest_addr, guest_port) < 0) {
        fprintf(stderr, "qemu: could not set up redirection\n");
        exit(1);
    }
    return;
 fail:
    fprintf(stderr, "qemu: syntax: -redir [tcp|udp]:host-port:[guest-host]:guest-port\n");
    exit(1);
}
    
#ifndef _WIN32

char smb_dir[1024];

static void smb_exit(void)
{
    DIR *d;
    struct dirent *de;
    char filename[1024];

    /* erase all the files in the directory */
    d = opendir(smb_dir);
    for(;;) {
        de = readdir(d);
        if (!de)
            break;
        if (strcmp(de->d_name, ".") != 0 &&
            strcmp(de->d_name, "..") != 0) {
            snprintf(filename, sizeof(filename), "%s/%s", 
                     smb_dir, de->d_name);
            unlink(filename);
        }
    }
    closedir(d);
    rmdir(smb_dir);
}

/* automatic user mode samba server configuration */
void net_slirp_smb(const char *exported_dir)
{
    char smb_conf[1024];
    char smb_cmdline[1024];
    FILE *f;

    if (!slirp_inited) {
        slirp_inited = 1;
        slirp_init();
    }

    /* XXX: better tmp dir construction */
    snprintf(smb_dir, sizeof(smb_dir), "/tmp/qemu-smb.%d", getpid());
    if (mkdir(smb_dir, 0700) < 0) {
        fprintf(stderr, "qemu: could not create samba server dir '%s'\n", smb_dir);
        exit(1);
    }
    snprintf(smb_conf, sizeof(smb_conf), "%s/%s", smb_dir, "smb.conf");
    
    f = fopen(smb_conf, "w");
    if (!f) {
        fprintf(stderr, "qemu: could not create samba server configuration file '%s'\n", smb_conf);
        exit(1);
    }
    fprintf(f, 
            "[global]\n"
            "private dir=%s\n"
            "smb ports=0\n"
            "socket address=127.0.0.1\n"
            "pid directory=%s\n"
            "lock directory=%s\n"
            "log file=%s/log.smbd\n"
            "smb passwd file=%s/smbpasswd\n"
            "security = share\n"
            "[qemu]\n"
            "path=%s\n"
            "read only=no\n"
            "guest ok=yes\n",
            smb_dir,
            smb_dir,
            smb_dir,
            smb_dir,
            smb_dir,
            exported_dir
            );
    fclose(f);
    atexit(smb_exit);

    snprintf(smb_cmdline, sizeof(smb_cmdline), "/usr/sbin/smbd -s %s",
             smb_conf);
    
    slirp_add_exec(0, smb_cmdline, 4, 139);
}

#endif /* !defined(_WIN32) */

#endif /* CONFIG_SLIRP */

#if !defined(_WIN32)

typedef struct TAPState {
    VLANClientState *vc;
    int fd;
} TAPState;

static void tap_receive(void *opaque, const uint8_t *buf, int size)
{
    TAPState *s = opaque;
    int ret;
    for(;;) {
        ret = write(s->fd, buf, size);
        if (ret < 0 && (errno == EINTR || errno == EAGAIN)) {
        } else {
            break;
        }
    }
}

static void tap_send(void *opaque)
{
    TAPState *s = opaque;
    uint8_t buf[4096];
    int size;

    size = read(s->fd, buf, sizeof(buf));
    if (size > 0) {
        qemu_send_packet(s->vc, buf, size);
    }
}

/* fd support */

static TAPState *net_tap_fd_init(VLANState *vlan, int fd)
{
    TAPState *s;

    s = qemu_mallocz(sizeof(TAPState));
    if (!s)
        return NULL;
    s->fd = fd;
    s->vc = qemu_new_vlan_client(vlan, tap_receive, s);
    qemu_set_fd_handler(s->fd, tap_send, NULL, s);
    snprintf(s->vc->info_str, sizeof(s->vc->info_str), "tap: fd=%d", fd);
    return s;
}

#ifdef _BSD
static int tap_open(char *ifname, int ifname_size)
{
    int fd;
    char *dev;
    struct stat s;

    fd = open("/dev/tap", O_RDWR);
    if (fd < 0) {
        fprintf(stderr, "warning: could not open /dev/tap: no virtual network emulation\n");
        return -1;
    }

    fstat(fd, &s);
    dev = devname(s.st_rdev, S_IFCHR);
    pstrcpy(ifname, ifname_size, dev);

    fcntl(fd, F_SETFL, O_NONBLOCK);
    return fd;
}
#else
static int tap_open(char *ifname, int ifname_size)
{
    struct ifreq ifr;
    int fd, ret;
    
    fd = open("/dev/net/tun", O_RDWR);
    if (fd < 0) {
        fprintf(stderr, "warning: could not open /dev/net/tun: no virtual network emulation\n");
        return -1;
    }
    memset(&ifr, 0, sizeof(ifr));
    ifr.ifr_flags = IFF_TAP | IFF_NO_PI;
    if (ifname[0] != '\0')
        pstrcpy(ifr.ifr_name, IFNAMSIZ, ifname);
    else
        pstrcpy(ifr.ifr_name, IFNAMSIZ, "tap%d");
    ret = ioctl(fd, TUNSETIFF, (void *) &ifr);
    if (ret != 0) {
        fprintf(stderr, "warning: could not configure /dev/net/tun: no virtual network emulation\n");
        close(fd);
        return -1;
    }
    pstrcpy(ifname, ifname_size, ifr.ifr_name);
    fcntl(fd, F_SETFL, O_NONBLOCK);
    return fd;
}
#endif

static int net_tap_init(VLANState *vlan, const char *ifname1,
                        const char *setup_script)
{
    TAPState *s;
    int pid, status, fd;
    char *args[3];
    char **parg;
    char ifname[128];

    if (ifname1 != NULL)
        pstrcpy(ifname, sizeof(ifname), ifname1);
    else
        ifname[0] = '\0';
    fd = tap_open(ifname, sizeof(ifname));
    if (fd < 0)
        return -1;

    if (!setup_script)
        setup_script = "";
    if (setup_script[0] != '\0') {
        /* try to launch network init script */
        pid = fork();
        if (pid >= 0) {
            if (pid == 0) {
                parg = args;
                *parg++ = (char *)setup_script;
                *parg++ = ifname;
                *parg++ = NULL;
                execv(setup_script, args);
                _exit(1);
            }
            while (waitpid(pid, &status, 0) != pid);
            if (!WIFEXITED(status) ||
                WEXITSTATUS(status) != 0) {
                fprintf(stderr, "%s: could not launch network script\n",
                        setup_script);
                return -1;
            }
        }
    }
    s = net_tap_fd_init(vlan, fd);
    if (!s)
        return -1;
    snprintf(s->vc->info_str, sizeof(s->vc->info_str), 
             "tap: ifname=%s setup_script=%s", ifname, setup_script);
    return 0;
}

/* network connection */
typedef struct NetSocketState {
    VLANClientState *vc;
    int fd;
    int state; /* 0 = getting length, 1 = getting data */
    int index;
    int packet_len;
    uint8_t buf[4096];
    struct sockaddr_in dgram_dst; /* contains inet host and port destination iff connectionless (SOCK_DGRAM) */
} NetSocketState;

typedef struct NetSocketListenState {
    VLANState *vlan;
    int fd;
} NetSocketListenState;

/* XXX: we consider we can send the whole packet without blocking */
static void net_socket_receive(void *opaque, const uint8_t *buf, int size)
{
    NetSocketState *s = opaque;
    uint32_t len;
    len = htonl(size);

    unix_write(s->fd, (const uint8_t *)&len, sizeof(len));
    unix_write(s->fd, buf, size);
}

static void net_socket_receive_dgram(void *opaque, const uint8_t *buf, int size)
{
    NetSocketState *s = opaque;
    sendto(s->fd, buf, size, 0, 
           (struct sockaddr *)&s->dgram_dst, sizeof(s->dgram_dst));
}

static void net_socket_send(void *opaque)
{
    NetSocketState *s = opaque;
    int l, size;
    uint8_t buf1[4096];
    const uint8_t *buf;

    size = read(s->fd, buf1, sizeof(buf1));
    if (size < 0) 
        return;
    if (size == 0) {
        /* end of connection */
        qemu_set_fd_handler(s->fd, NULL, NULL, NULL);
        return;
    }
    buf = buf1;
    while (size > 0) {
        /* reassemble a packet from the network */
        switch(s->state) {
        case 0:
            l = 4 - s->index;
            if (l > size)
                l = size;
            memcpy(s->buf + s->index, buf, l);
            buf += l;
            size -= l;
            s->index += l;
            if (s->index == 4) {
                /* got length */
                s->packet_len = ntohl(*(uint32_t *)s->buf);
                s->index = 0;
                s->state = 1;
            }
            break;
        case 1:
            l = s->packet_len - s->index;
            if (l > size)
                l = size;
            memcpy(s->buf + s->index, buf, l);
            s->index += l;
            buf += l;
            size -= l;
            if (s->index >= s->packet_len) {
                qemu_send_packet(s->vc, s->buf, s->packet_len);
                s->index = 0;
                s->state = 0;
            }
            break;
        }
    }
}

static void net_socket_send_dgram(void *opaque)
{
    NetSocketState *s = opaque;
    int size;

    size = recv(s->fd, s->buf, sizeof(s->buf), 0);
    if (size < 0) 
        return;
    if (size == 0) {
        /* end of connection */
        qemu_set_fd_handler(s->fd, NULL, NULL, NULL);
        return;
    }
    qemu_send_packet(s->vc, s->buf, size);
}

static int net_socket_mcast_create(struct sockaddr_in *mcastaddr)
{
    struct ip_mreq imr;
    int fd;
    int val, ret;
    if (!IN_MULTICAST(ntohl(mcastaddr->sin_addr.s_addr))) {
        fprintf(stderr, "qemu: error: specified mcastaddr \"%s\" (0x%08x) does not contain a multicast address\n",
                inet_ntoa(mcastaddr->sin_addr), ntohl(mcastaddr->sin_addr.s_addr));
        return -1;

    }
    fd = socket(PF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, 0);
    if (fd < 0) {
        perror("socket(PF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM)");
        return -1;
    }

    /* Add host to multicast group */
    imr.imr_multiaddr = mcastaddr->sin_addr;
    imr.imr_interface.s_addr = htonl(INADDR_ANY);

    ret = setsockopt(fd, IPPROTO_IP, IP_ADD_MEMBERSHIP, (void *) &imr, sizeof(struct ip_mreq));
    if (ret < 0) {
        perror("setsockopt(IP_ADD_MEMBERSHIP)");
        goto fail;
    }

    /* Force mcast msgs to loopback (eg. several QEMUs in same host */
    val = 1;
    ret=setsockopt(fd, IPPROTO_IP, IP_MULTICAST_LOOP, &val, sizeof(val));
    if (ret < 0) {
        perror("setsockopt(SOL_IP, IP_MULTICAST_LOOP)");
        goto fail;
    }

    ret=setsockopt(fd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_REUSEADDR, &val, sizeof(val));
    if (ret < 0) {
        perror("setsockopt(SOL_SOCKET, SO_REUSEADDR)");
        goto fail;
    }
    
    ret = bind(fd, (struct sockaddr *)mcastaddr, sizeof(*mcastaddr));
    if (ret < 0) {
        perror("bind");
        goto fail;
    }
    
    fcntl(fd, F_SETFL, O_NONBLOCK);
    return fd;
fail:
    if (fd>=0) close(fd);
    return -1;
}

static NetSocketState *net_socket_fd_init_dgram(VLANState *vlan, int fd, 
                                          int is_connected)
{
    struct sockaddr_in saddr;
    int newfd;
    socklen_t saddr_len;
    NetSocketState *s;

    /* fd passed: multicast: "learn" dgram_dst address from bound address and save it
     * Because this may be "shared" socket from a "master" process, datagrams would be recv() 
     * by ONLY ONE process: we must "clone" this dgram socket --jjo
     */

    if (is_connected) {
        if (getsockname(fd, (struct sockaddr *) &saddr, &saddr_len) == 0) {
            /* must be bound */
            if (saddr.sin_addr.s_addr==0) {
                fprintf(stderr, "qemu: error: init_dgram: fd=%d unbound, cannot setup multicast dst addr\n",
                        fd);
                return NULL;
            }
            /* clone dgram socket */
            newfd = net_socket_mcast_create(&saddr);
            if (newfd < 0) {
                /* error already reported by net_socket_mcast_create() */
                close(fd);
                return NULL;
            }
            /* clone newfd to fd, close newfd */
            dup2(newfd, fd);
            close(newfd);
        
        } else {
            fprintf(stderr, "qemu: error: init_dgram: fd=%d failed getsockname(): %s\n",
                    fd, strerror(errno));
            return NULL;
        }
    }

    s = qemu_mallocz(sizeof(NetSocketState));
    if (!s)
        return NULL;
    s->fd = fd;

    s->vc = qemu_new_vlan_client(vlan, net_socket_receive_dgram, s);
    qemu_set_fd_handler(s->fd, net_socket_send_dgram, NULL, s);

    /* mcast: save bound address as dst */
    if (is_connected) s->dgram_dst=saddr;

    snprintf(s->vc->info_str, sizeof(s->vc->info_str),
            "socket: fd=%d (%s mcast=%s:%d)", 
            fd, is_connected? "cloned" : "",
            inet_ntoa(saddr.sin_addr), ntohs(saddr.sin_port));
    return s;
}

static void net_socket_connect(void *opaque)
{
    NetSocketState *s = opaque;
    qemu_set_fd_handler(s->fd, net_socket_send, NULL, s);
}

static NetSocketState *net_socket_fd_init_stream(VLANState *vlan, int fd, 
                                          int is_connected)
{
    NetSocketState *s;
    s = qemu_mallocz(sizeof(NetSocketState));
    if (!s)
        return NULL;
    s->fd = fd;
    s->vc = qemu_new_vlan_client(vlan, 
                                 net_socket_receive, s);
    snprintf(s->vc->info_str, sizeof(s->vc->info_str),
             "socket: fd=%d", fd);
    if (is_connected) {
        net_socket_connect(s);
    } else {
        qemu_set_fd_handler(s->fd, NULL, net_socket_connect, s);
    }
    return s;
}

static NetSocketState *net_socket_fd_init(VLANState *vlan, int fd, 
                                          int is_connected)
{
    int so_type=-1, optlen=sizeof(so_type);

    if(getsockopt(fd, SOL_SOCKET,SO_TYPE, &so_type, &optlen)< 0) {
        fprintf(stderr, "qemu: error: setsockopt(SO_TYPE) for fd=%d failed\n", fd);
        return NULL;
    }
    switch(so_type) {
    case SOCK_DGRAM:
        return net_socket_fd_init_dgram(vlan, fd, is_connected);
    case SOCK_STREAM:
        return net_socket_fd_init_stream(vlan, fd, is_connected);
    default:
        /* who knows ... this could be a eg. a pty, do warn and continue as stream */
        fprintf(stderr, "qemu: warning: socket type=%d for fd=%d is not SOCK_DGRAM or SOCK_STREAM\n", so_type, fd);
        return net_socket_fd_init_stream(vlan, fd, is_connected);
    }
    return NULL;
}

static void net_socket_accept(void *opaque)
{
    NetSocketListenState *s = opaque;    
    NetSocketState *s1;
    struct sockaddr_in saddr;
    socklen_t len;
    int fd;

    for(;;) {
        len = sizeof(saddr);
        fd = accept(s->fd, (struct sockaddr *)&saddr, &len);
        if (fd < 0 && errno != EINTR) {
            return;
        } else if (fd >= 0) {
            break;
        }
    }
    s1 = net_socket_fd_init(s->vlan, fd, 1); 
    if (!s1) {
        close(fd);
    } else {
        snprintf(s1->vc->info_str, sizeof(s1->vc->info_str),
                 "socket: connection from %s:%d", 
                 inet_ntoa(saddr.sin_addr), ntohs(saddr.sin_port));
    }
}

static int net_socket_listen_init(VLANState *vlan, const char *host_str)
{
    NetSocketListenState *s;
    int fd, val, ret;
    struct sockaddr_in saddr;

    if (parse_host_port(&saddr, host_str) < 0)
        return -1;
    
    s = qemu_mallocz(sizeof(NetSocketListenState));
    if (!s)
        return -1;

    fd = socket(PF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
    if (fd < 0) {
        perror("socket");
        return -1;
    }
    fcntl(fd, F_SETFL, O_NONBLOCK);

    /* allow fast reuse */
    val = 1;
    setsockopt(fd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_REUSEADDR, &val, sizeof(val));
    
    ret = bind(fd, (struct sockaddr *)&saddr, sizeof(saddr));
    if (ret < 0) {
        perror("bind");
        return -1;
    }
    ret = listen(fd, 0);
    if (ret < 0) {
        perror("listen");
        return -1;
    }
    s->vlan = vlan;
    s->fd = fd;
    qemu_set_fd_handler(fd, net_socket_accept, NULL, s);
    return 0;
}

static int net_socket_connect_init(VLANState *vlan, const char *host_str)
{
    NetSocketState *s;
    int fd, connected, ret;
    struct sockaddr_in saddr;

    if (parse_host_port(&saddr, host_str) < 0)
        return -1;

    fd = socket(PF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
    if (fd < 0) {
        perror("socket");
        return -1;
    }
    fcntl(fd, F_SETFL, O_NONBLOCK);

    connected = 0;
    for(;;) {
        ret = connect(fd, (struct sockaddr *)&saddr, sizeof(saddr));
        if (ret < 0) {
            if (errno == EINTR || errno == EAGAIN) {
            } else if (errno == EINPROGRESS) {
                break;
            } else {
                perror("connect");
                close(fd);
                return -1;
            }
        } else {
            connected = 1;
            break;
        }
    }
    s = net_socket_fd_init(vlan, fd, connected);
    if (!s)
        return -1;
    snprintf(s->vc->info_str, sizeof(s->vc->info_str),
             "socket: connect to %s:%d", 
             inet_ntoa(saddr.sin_addr), ntohs(saddr.sin_port));
    return 0;
}

static int net_socket_mcast_init(VLANState *vlan, const char *host_str)
{
    NetSocketState *s;
    int fd;
    struct sockaddr_in saddr;

    if (parse_host_port(&saddr, host_str) < 0)
        return -1;


    fd = net_socket_mcast_create(&saddr);
    if (fd < 0)
        return -1;

    s = net_socket_fd_init(vlan, fd, 0);
    if (!s)
        return -1;

    s->dgram_dst = saddr;
    
    snprintf(s->vc->info_str, sizeof(s->vc->info_str),
             "socket: mcast=%s:%d", 
             inet_ntoa(saddr.sin_addr), ntohs(saddr.sin_port));
    return 0;

}

#endif /* !_WIN32 */

static int get_param_value(char *buf, int buf_size,
                           const char *tag, const char *str)
{
    const char *p;
    char *q;
    char option[128];

    p = str;
    for(;;) {
        q = option;
        while (*p != '\0' && *p != '=') {
            if ((q - option) < sizeof(option) - 1)
                *q++ = *p;
            p++;
        }
        *q = '\0';
        if (*p != '=')
            break;
        p++;
        if (!strcmp(tag, option)) {
            q = buf;
            while (*p != '\0' && *p != ',') {
                if ((q - buf) < buf_size - 1)
                    *q++ = *p;
                p++;
            }
            *q = '\0';
            return q - buf;
        } else {
            while (*p != '\0' && *p != ',') {
                p++;
            }
        }
        if (*p != ',')
            break;
        p++;
    }
    return 0;
}

int net_client_init(const char *str)
{
    const char *p;
    char *q;
    char device[64];
    char buf[1024];
    int vlan_id, ret;
    VLANState *vlan;

    p = str;
    q = device;
    while (*p != '\0' && *p != ',') {
        if ((q - device) < sizeof(device) - 1)
            *q++ = *p;
        p++;
    }
    *q = '\0';
    if (*p == ',')
        p++;
    vlan_id = 0;
    if (get_param_value(buf, sizeof(buf), "vlan", p)) {
        vlan_id = strtol(buf, NULL, 0);
    }
    vlan = qemu_find_vlan(vlan_id);
    if (!vlan) {
        fprintf(stderr, "Could not create vlan %d\n", vlan_id);
        return -1;
    }
    if (!strcmp(device, "nic")) {
        NICInfo *nd;
        uint8_t *macaddr;

        if (nb_nics >= MAX_NICS) {
            fprintf(stderr, "Too Many NICs\n");
            return -1;
        }
        nd = &nd_table[nb_nics];
        macaddr = nd->macaddr;
        macaddr[0] = 0x52;
        macaddr[1] = 0x54;
        macaddr[2] = 0x00;
        macaddr[3] = 0x12;
        macaddr[4] = 0x34;
        macaddr[5] = 0x56 + nb_nics;

        if (get_param_value(buf, sizeof(buf), "macaddr", p)) {
            if (parse_macaddr(macaddr, buf) < 0) {
                fprintf(stderr, "invalid syntax for ethernet address\n");
                return -1;
            }
        }
        nd->vlan = vlan;
        nb_nics++;
        ret = 0;
    } else
    if (!strcmp(device, "none")) {
        /* does nothing. It is needed to signal that no network cards
           are wanted */
        ret = 0;
    } else
#ifdef CONFIG_SLIRP
    if (!strcmp(device, "user")) {
        ret = net_slirp_init(vlan);
    } else
#endif
#ifndef _WIN32
    if (!strcmp(device, "tap")) {
        char ifname[64];
        char setup_script[1024];
        int fd;
        if (get_param_value(buf, sizeof(buf), "fd", p) > 0) {
            fd = strtol(buf, NULL, 0);
            ret = -1;
            if (net_tap_fd_init(vlan, fd))
                ret = 0;
        } else {
            get_param_value(ifname, sizeof(ifname), "ifname", p);
            if (get_param_value(setup_script, sizeof(setup_script), "script", p) == 0) {
                pstrcpy(setup_script, sizeof(setup_script), DEFAULT_NETWORK_SCRIPT);
            }
            ret = net_tap_init(vlan, ifname, setup_script);
        }
    } else
    if (!strcmp(device, "socket")) {
        if (get_param_value(buf, sizeof(buf), "fd", p) > 0) {
            int fd;
            fd = strtol(buf, NULL, 0);
            ret = -1;
            if (net_socket_fd_init(vlan, fd, 1))
                ret = 0;
        } else if (get_param_value(buf, sizeof(buf), "listen", p) > 0) {
            ret = net_socket_listen_init(vlan, buf);
        } else if (get_param_value(buf, sizeof(buf), "connect", p) > 0) {
            ret = net_socket_connect_init(vlan, buf);
        } else if (get_param_value(buf, sizeof(buf), "mcast", p) > 0) {
            ret = net_socket_mcast_init(vlan, buf);
        } else {
            fprintf(stderr, "Unknown socket options: %s\n", p);
            return -1;
        }
    } else
#endif
    {
        fprintf(stderr, "Unknown network device: %s\n", device);
        return -1;
    }
    if (ret < 0) {
        fprintf(stderr, "Could not initialize device '%s'\n", device);
    }
    
    return ret;
}

void do_info_network(void)
{
    VLANState *vlan;
    VLANClientState *vc;

    for(vlan = first_vlan; vlan != NULL; vlan = vlan->next) {
        term_printf("VLAN %d devices:\n", vlan->id);
        for(vc = vlan->first_client; vc != NULL; vc = vc->next)
            term_printf("  %s\n", vc->info_str);
    }
}
 
/***********************************************************/
/* USB devices */

static int usb_device_add(const char *devname)
{
    const char *p;
    USBDevice *dev;
    int i;

    if (!vm_usb_hub)
        return -1;
    for(i = 0;i < MAX_VM_USB_PORTS; i++) {
        if (!vm_usb_ports[i]->dev)
            break;
    }
    if (i == MAX_VM_USB_PORTS)
        return -1;

    if (strstart(devname, "host:", &p)) {
        dev = usb_host_device_open(p);
        if (!dev)
            return -1;
    } else if (!strcmp(devname, "mouse")) {
        dev = usb_mouse_init();
        if (!dev)
            return -1;
    } else {
        return -1;
    }
    usb_attach(vm_usb_ports[i], dev);
    return 0;
}

static int usb_device_del(const char *devname)
{
    USBDevice *dev;
    int bus_num, addr, i;
    const char *p;

    if (!vm_usb_hub)
        return -1;

    p = strchr(devname, '.');
    if (!p) 
        return -1;
    bus_num = strtoul(devname, NULL, 0);
    addr = strtoul(p + 1, NULL, 0);
    if (bus_num != 0)
        return -1;
    for(i = 0;i < MAX_VM_USB_PORTS; i++) {
        dev = vm_usb_ports[i]->dev;
        if (dev && dev->addr == addr)
            break;
    }
    if (i == MAX_VM_USB_PORTS)
        return -1;
    usb_attach(vm_usb_ports[i], NULL);
    return 0;
}

void do_usb_add(const char *devname)
{
    int ret;
    ret = usb_device_add(devname);
    if (ret < 0) 
        term_printf("Could not add USB device '%s'\n", devname);
}

void do_usb_del(const char *devname)
{
    int ret;
    ret = usb_device_del(devname);
    if (ret < 0) 
        term_printf("Could not remove USB device '%s'\n", devname);
}

void usb_info(void)
{
    USBDevice *dev;
    int i;
    const char *speed_str;

    if (!vm_usb_hub) {
        term_printf("USB support not enabled\n");
        return;
    }

    for(i = 0; i < MAX_VM_USB_PORTS; i++) {
        dev = vm_usb_ports[i]->dev;
        if (dev) {
            term_printf("Hub port %d:\n", i);
            switch(dev->speed) {
            case USB_SPEED_LOW: 
                speed_str = "1.5"; 
                break;
            case USB_SPEED_FULL: 
                speed_str = "12"; 
                break;
            case USB_SPEED_HIGH: 
                speed_str = "480"; 
                break;
            default:
                speed_str = "?"; 
                break;
            }
            term_printf("  Device %d.%d, speed %s Mb/s\n", 
                        0, dev->addr, speed_str);
        }
    }
}

/***********************************************************/
/* pid file */

static char *pid_filename;

/* Remove PID file. Called on normal exit */

static void remove_pidfile(void) 
{
    unlink (pid_filename);
}

static void create_pidfile(const char *filename)
{
    struct stat pidstat;
    FILE *f;

    /* Try to write our PID to the named file */
    if (stat(filename, &pidstat) < 0) {
        if (errno == ENOENT) {
            if ((f = fopen (filename, "w")) == NULL) {
                perror("Opening pidfile");
                exit(1);
            }
            fprintf(f, "%d\n", getpid());
            fclose(f);
            pid_filename = qemu_strdup(filename);
            if (!pid_filename) {
                fprintf(stderr, "Could not save PID filename");
                exit(1);
            }
            atexit(remove_pidfile);
        }
    } else {
        fprintf(stderr, "%s already exists. Remove it and try again.\n", 
                filename);
        exit(1);
    }
}

/***********************************************************/
/* dumb display */

static void dumb_update(DisplayState *ds, int x, int y, int w, int h)
{
}

static void dumb_resize(DisplayState *ds, int w, int h)
{
}

static void dumb_refresh(DisplayState *ds)
{
    vga_update_display();
}

void dumb_display_init(DisplayState *ds)
{
    ds->data = NULL;
    ds->linesize = 0;
    ds->depth = 0;
    ds->dpy_update = dumb_update;
    ds->dpy_resize = dumb_resize;
    ds->dpy_refresh = dumb_refresh;
}

#if !defined(CONFIG_SOFTMMU)
/***********************************************************/
/* cpu signal handler */
static void host_segv_handler(int host_signum, siginfo_t *info, 
                              void *puc)
{
    if (cpu_signal_handler(host_signum, info, puc))
        return;
    if (stdio_nb_clients > 0)
        term_exit();
    abort();
}
#endif

/***********************************************************/
/* I/O handling */

#define MAX_IO_HANDLERS 64

typedef struct IOHandlerRecord {
    int fd;
    IOCanRWHandler *fd_read_poll;
    IOHandler *fd_read;
    IOHandler *fd_write;
    void *opaque;
    /* temporary data */
    struct pollfd *ufd;
    struct IOHandlerRecord *next;
} IOHandlerRecord;

static IOHandlerRecord *first_io_handler;

/* XXX: fd_read_poll should be suppressed, but an API change is
   necessary in the character devices to suppress fd_can_read(). */
int qemu_set_fd_handler2(int fd, 
                         IOCanRWHandler *fd_read_poll, 
                         IOHandler *fd_read, 
                         IOHandler *fd_write, 
                         void *opaque)
{
    IOHandlerRecord **pioh, *ioh;

    if (!fd_read && !fd_write) {
        pioh = &first_io_handler;
        for(;;) {
            ioh = *pioh;
            if (ioh == NULL)
                break;
            if (ioh->fd == fd) {
                *pioh = ioh->next;
                break;
            }
            pioh = &ioh->next;
        }
    } else {
        for(ioh = first_io_handler; ioh != NULL; ioh = ioh->next) {
            if (ioh->fd == fd)
                goto found;
        }
        ioh = qemu_mallocz(sizeof(IOHandlerRecord));
        if (!ioh)
            return -1;
        ioh->next = first_io_handler;
        first_io_handler = ioh;
    found:
        ioh->fd = fd;
        ioh->fd_read_poll = fd_read_poll;
        ioh->fd_read = fd_read;
        ioh->fd_write = fd_write;
        ioh->opaque = opaque;
    }
    return 0;
}

int qemu_set_fd_handler(int fd, 
                        IOHandler *fd_read, 
                        IOHandler *fd_write, 
                        void *opaque)
{
    return qemu_set_fd_handler2(fd, NULL, fd_read, fd_write, opaque);
}

/***********************************************************/
/* savevm/loadvm support */

void qemu_put_buffer(QEMUFile *f, const uint8_t *buf, int size)
{
    fwrite(buf, 1, size, f);
}

void qemu_put_byte(QEMUFile *f, int v)
{
    fputc(v, f);
}

void qemu_put_be16(QEMUFile *f, unsigned int v)
{
    qemu_put_byte(f, v >> 8);
    qemu_put_byte(f, v);
}

void qemu_put_be32(QEMUFile *f, unsigned int v)
{
    qemu_put_byte(f, v >> 24);
    qemu_put_byte(f, v >> 16);
    qemu_put_byte(f, v >> 8);
    qemu_put_byte(f, v);
}

void qemu_put_be64(QEMUFile *f, uint64_t v)
{
    qemu_put_be32(f, v >> 32);
    qemu_put_be32(f, v);
}

int qemu_get_buffer(QEMUFile *f, uint8_t *buf, int size)
{
    return fread(buf, 1, size, f);
}

int qemu_get_byte(QEMUFile *f)
{
    int v;
    v = fgetc(f);
    if (v == EOF)
        return 0;
    else
        return v;
}

unsigned int qemu_get_be16(QEMUFile *f)
{
    unsigned int v;
    v = qemu_get_byte(f) << 8;
    v |= qemu_get_byte(f);
    return v;
}

unsigned int qemu_get_be32(QEMUFile *f)
{
    unsigned int v;
    v = qemu_get_byte(f) << 24;
    v |= qemu_get_byte(f) << 16;
    v |= qemu_get_byte(f) << 8;
    v |= qemu_get_byte(f);
    return v;
}

uint64_t qemu_get_be64(QEMUFile *f)
{
    uint64_t v;
    v = (uint64_t)qemu_get_be32(f) << 32;
    v |= qemu_get_be32(f);
    return v;
}

int64_t qemu_ftell(QEMUFile *f)
{
    return ftell(f);
}

int64_t qemu_fseek(QEMUFile *f, int64_t pos, int whence)
{
    if (fseek(f, pos, whence) < 0)
        return -1;
    return ftell(f);
}

typedef struct SaveStateEntry {
    char idstr[256];
    int instance_id;
    int version_id;
    SaveStateHandler *save_state;
    LoadStateHandler *load_state;
    void *opaque;
    struct SaveStateEntry *next;
} SaveStateEntry;

static SaveStateEntry *first_se;

int register_savevm(const char *idstr, 
                    int instance_id, 
                    int version_id,
                    SaveStateHandler *save_state,
                    LoadStateHandler *load_state,
                    void *opaque)
{
    SaveStateEntry *se, **pse;

    se = qemu_malloc(sizeof(SaveStateEntry));
    if (!se)
        return -1;
    pstrcpy(se->idstr, sizeof(se->idstr), idstr);
    se->instance_id = instance_id;
    se->version_id = version_id;
    se->save_state = save_state;
    se->load_state = load_state;
    se->opaque = opaque;
    se->next = NULL;

    /* add at the end of list */
    pse = &first_se;
    while (*pse != NULL)
        pse = &(*pse)->next;
    *pse = se;
    return 0;
}

#define QEMU_VM_FILE_MAGIC   0x5145564d
#define QEMU_VM_FILE_VERSION 0x00000001

int qemu_savevm(const char *filename)
{
    SaveStateEntry *se;
    QEMUFile *f;
    int len, len_pos, cur_pos, saved_vm_running, ret;

    saved_vm_running = vm_running;
    vm_stop(0);

    f = fopen(filename, "wb");
    if (!f) {
        ret = -1;
        goto the_end;
    }

    qemu_put_be32(f, QEMU_VM_FILE_MAGIC);
    qemu_put_be32(f, QEMU_VM_FILE_VERSION);

    for(se = first_se; se != NULL; se = se->next) {
        /* ID string */
        len = strlen(se->idstr);
        qemu_put_byte(f, len);
        qemu_put_buffer(f, se->idstr, len);

        qemu_put_be32(f, se->instance_id);
        qemu_put_be32(f, se->version_id);

        /* record size: filled later */
        len_pos = ftell(f);
        qemu_put_be32(f, 0);
        
        se->save_state(f, se->opaque);

        /* fill record size */
        cur_pos = ftell(f);
        len = ftell(f) - len_pos - 4;
        fseek(f, len_pos, SEEK_SET);
        qemu_put_be32(f, len);
        fseek(f, cur_pos, SEEK_SET);
    }

    fclose(f);
    ret = 0;
 the_end:
    if (saved_vm_running)
        vm_start();
    return ret;
}

static SaveStateEntry *find_se(const char *idstr, int instance_id)
{
    SaveStateEntry *se;

    for(se = first_se; se != NULL; se = se->next) {
        if (!strcmp(se->idstr, idstr) && 
            instance_id == se->instance_id)
            return se;
    }
    return NULL;
}

int qemu_loadvm(const char *filename)
{
    SaveStateEntry *se;
    QEMUFile *f;
    int len, cur_pos, ret, instance_id, record_len, version_id;
    int saved_vm_running;
    unsigned int v;
    char idstr[256];
    
    saved_vm_running = vm_running;
    vm_stop(0);

    f = fopen(filename, "rb");
    if (!f) {
        ret = -1;
        goto the_end;
    }

    v = qemu_get_be32(f);
    if (v != QEMU_VM_FILE_MAGIC)
        goto fail;
    v = qemu_get_be32(f);
    if (v != QEMU_VM_FILE_VERSION) {
    fail:
        fclose(f);
        ret = -1;
        goto the_end;
    }
    for(;;) {
        len = qemu_get_byte(f);
        if (feof(f))
            break;
        qemu_get_buffer(f, idstr, len);
        idstr[len] = '\0';
        instance_id = qemu_get_be32(f);
        version_id = qemu_get_be32(f);
        record_len = qemu_get_be32(f);
#if 0
        printf("idstr=%s instance=0x%x version=%d len=%d\n", 
               idstr, instance_id, version_id, record_len);
#endif
        cur_pos = ftell(f);
        se = find_se(idstr, instance_id);
        if (!se) {
            fprintf(stderr, "qemu: warning: instance 0x%x of device '%s' not present in current VM\n", 
                    instance_id, idstr);
        } else {
            ret = se->load_state(f, se->opaque, version_id);
            if (ret < 0) {
                fprintf(stderr, "qemu: warning: error while loading state for instance 0x%x of device '%s'\n", 
                        instance_id, idstr);
            }
        }
        /* always seek to exact end of record */
        qemu_fseek(f, cur_pos + record_len, SEEK_SET);
    }
    fclose(f);
    ret = 0;
 the_end:
    if (saved_vm_running)
        vm_start();
    return ret;
}

/***********************************************************/
/* cpu save/restore */

#if defined(TARGET_I386)

static void cpu_put_seg(QEMUFile *f, SegmentCache *dt)
{
    qemu_put_be32(f, dt->selector);
    qemu_put_betl(f, dt->base);
    qemu_put_be32(f, dt->limit);
    qemu_put_be32(f, dt->flags);
}

static void cpu_get_seg(QEMUFile *f, SegmentCache *dt)
{
    dt->selector = qemu_get_be32(f);
    dt->base = qemu_get_betl(f);
    dt->limit = qemu_get_be32(f);
    dt->flags = qemu_get_be32(f);
}

void cpu_save(QEMUFile *f, void *opaque)
{
    CPUState *env = opaque;
    uint16_t fptag, fpus, fpuc, fpregs_format;
    uint32_t hflags;
    int i;
    
    for(i = 0; i < CPU_NB_REGS; i++)
        qemu_put_betls(f, &env->regs[i]);
    qemu_put_betls(f, &env->eip);
    qemu_put_betls(f, &env->eflags);
    hflags = env->hflags; /* XXX: suppress most of the redundant hflags */
    qemu_put_be32s(f, &hflags);
    
    /* FPU */
    fpuc = env->fpuc;
    fpus = (env->fpus & ~0x3800) | (env->fpstt & 0x7) << 11;
    fptag = 0;
    for(i = 0; i < 8; i++) {
        fptag |= ((!env->fptags[i]) << i);
    }
    
    qemu_put_be16s(f, &fpuc);
    qemu_put_be16s(f, &fpus);
    qemu_put_be16s(f, &fptag);

#ifdef USE_X86LDOUBLE
    fpregs_format = 0;
#else
    fpregs_format = 1;
#endif
    qemu_put_be16s(f, &fpregs_format);
    
    for(i = 0; i < 8; i++) {
#ifdef USE_X86LDOUBLE
        {
            uint64_t mant;
            uint16_t exp;
            /* we save the real CPU data (in case of MMX usage only 'mant'
               contains the MMX register */
            cpu_get_fp80(&mant, &exp, env->fpregs[i].d);
            qemu_put_be64(f, mant);
            qemu_put_be16(f, exp);
        }
#else
        /* if we use doubles for float emulation, we save the doubles to
           avoid losing information in case of MMX usage. It can give
           problems if the image is restored on a CPU where long
           doubles are used instead. */
        qemu_put_be64(f, env->fpregs[i].mmx.MMX_Q(0));
#endif
    }

    for(i = 0; i < 6; i++)
        cpu_put_seg(f, &env->segs[i]);
    cpu_put_seg(f, &env->ldt);
    cpu_put_seg(f, &env->tr);
    cpu_put_seg(f, &env->gdt);
    cpu_put_seg(f, &env->idt);
    
    qemu_put_be32s(f, &env->sysenter_cs);
    qemu_put_be32s(f, &env->sysenter_esp);
    qemu_put_be32s(f, &env->sysenter_eip);
    
    qemu_put_betls(f, &env->cr[0]);
    qemu_put_betls(f, &env->cr[2]);
    qemu_put_betls(f, &env->cr[3]);
    qemu_put_betls(f, &env->cr[4]);
    
    for(i = 0; i < 8; i++)
        qemu_put_betls(f, &env->dr[i]);

    /* MMU */
    qemu_put_be32s(f, &env->a20_mask);

    /* XMM */
    qemu_put_be32s(f, &env->mxcsr);
    for(i = 0; i < CPU_NB_REGS; i++) {
        qemu_put_be64s(f, &env->xmm_regs[i].XMM_Q(0));
        qemu_put_be64s(f, &env->xmm_regs[i].XMM_Q(1));
    }

#ifdef TARGET_X86_64
    qemu_put_be64s(f, &env->efer);
    qemu_put_be64s(f, &env->star);
    qemu_put_be64s(f, &env->lstar);
    qemu_put_be64s(f, &env->cstar);
    qemu_put_be64s(f, &env->fmask);
    qemu_put_be64s(f, &env->kernelgsbase);
#endif
}

#ifdef USE_X86LDOUBLE
/* XXX: add that in a FPU generic layer */
union x86_longdouble {
    uint64_t mant;
    uint16_t exp;
};

#define MANTD1(fp)      (fp & ((1LL << 52) - 1))
#define EXPBIAS1 1023
#define EXPD1(fp)       ((fp >> 52) & 0x7FF)
#define SIGND1(fp)      ((fp >> 32) & 0x80000000)

static void fp64_to_fp80(union x86_longdouble *p, uint64_t temp)
{
    int e;
    /* mantissa */
    p->mant = (MANTD1(temp) << 11) | (1LL << 63);
    /* exponent + sign */
    e = EXPD1(temp) - EXPBIAS1 + 16383;
    e |= SIGND1(temp) >> 16;
    p->exp = e;
}
#endif

int cpu_load(QEMUFile *f, void *opaque, int version_id)
{
    CPUState *env = opaque;
    int i, guess_mmx;
    uint32_t hflags;
    uint16_t fpus, fpuc, fptag, fpregs_format;

    if (version_id != 3)
        return -EINVAL;
    for(i = 0; i < CPU_NB_REGS; i++)
        qemu_get_betls(f, &env->regs[i]);
    qemu_get_betls(f, &env->eip);
    qemu_get_betls(f, &env->eflags);
    qemu_get_be32s(f, &hflags);

    qemu_get_be16s(f, &fpuc);
    qemu_get_be16s(f, &fpus);
    qemu_get_be16s(f, &fptag);
    qemu_get_be16s(f, &fpregs_format);
    
    /* NOTE: we cannot always restore the FPU state if the image come
       from a host with a different 'USE_X86LDOUBLE' define. We guess
       if we are in an MMX state to restore correctly in that case. */
    guess_mmx = ((fptag == 0xff) && (fpus & 0x3800) == 0);
    for(i = 0; i < 8; i++) {
        uint64_t mant;
        uint16_t exp;
        
        switch(fpregs_format) {
        case 0:
            mant = qemu_get_be64(f);
            exp = qemu_get_be16(f);
#ifdef USE_X86LDOUBLE
            env->fpregs[i].d = cpu_set_fp80(mant, exp);
#else
            /* difficult case */
            if (guess_mmx)
                env->fpregs[i].mmx.MMX_Q(0) = mant;
            else
                env->fpregs[i].d = cpu_set_fp80(mant, exp);
#endif
            break;
        case 1:
            mant = qemu_get_be64(f);
#ifdef USE_X86LDOUBLE
            {
                union x86_longdouble *p;
                /* difficult case */
                p = (void *)&env->fpregs[i];
                if (guess_mmx) {
                    p->mant = mant;
                    p->exp = 0xffff;
                } else {
                    fp64_to_fp80(p, mant);
                }
            }
#else
            env->fpregs[i].mmx.MMX_Q(0) = mant;
#endif            
            break;
        default:
            return -EINVAL;
        }
    }

    env->fpuc = fpuc;
    /* XXX: restore FPU round state */
    env->fpstt = (fpus >> 11) & 7;
    env->fpus = fpus & ~0x3800;
    fptag ^= 0xff;
    for(i = 0; i < 8; i++) {
        env->fptags[i] = (fptag >> i) & 1;
    }
    
    for(i = 0; i < 6; i++)
        cpu_get_seg(f, &env->segs[i]);
    cpu_get_seg(f, &env->ldt);
    cpu_get_seg(f, &env->tr);
    cpu_get_seg(f, &env->gdt);
    cpu_get_seg(f, &env->idt);
    
    qemu_get_be32s(f, &env->sysenter_cs);
    qemu_get_be32s(f, &env->sysenter_esp);
    qemu_get_be32s(f, &env->sysenter_eip);
    
    qemu_get_betls(f, &env->cr[0]);
    qemu_get_betls(f, &env->cr[2]);
    qemu_get_betls(f, &env->cr[3]);
    qemu_get_betls(f, &env->cr[4]);
    
    for(i = 0; i < 8; i++)
        qemu_get_betls(f, &env->dr[i]);

    /* MMU */
    qemu_get_be32s(f, &env->a20_mask);

    qemu_get_be32s(f, &env->mxcsr);
    for(i = 0; i < CPU_NB_REGS; i++) {
        qemu_get_be64s(f, &env->xmm_regs[i].XMM_Q(0));
        qemu_get_be64s(f, &env->xmm_regs[i].XMM_Q(1));
    }

#ifdef TARGET_X86_64
    qemu_get_be64s(f, &env->efer);
    qemu_get_be64s(f, &env->star);
    qemu_get_be64s(f, &env->lstar);
    qemu_get_be64s(f, &env->cstar);
    qemu_get_be64s(f, &env->fmask);
    qemu_get_be64s(f, &env->kernelgsbase);
#endif

    /* XXX: compute hflags from scratch, except for CPL and IIF */
    env->hflags = hflags;
    tlb_flush(env, 1);
    return 0;
}

#elif defined(TARGET_PPC)
void cpu_save(QEMUFile *f, void *opaque)
{
}

int cpu_load(QEMUFile *f, void *opaque, int version_id)
{
    return 0;
}

#elif defined(TARGET_MIPS)
void cpu_save(QEMUFile *f, void *opaque)
{
}

int cpu_load(QEMUFile *f, void *opaque, int version_id)
{
    return 0;
}

#elif defined(TARGET_SPARC)
void cpu_save(QEMUFile *f, void *opaque)
{
    CPUState *env = opaque;
    int i;
    uint32_t tmp;

    for(i = 0; i < 8; i++)
        qemu_put_betls(f, &env->gregs[i]);
    for(i = 0; i < NWINDOWS * 16; i++)
        qemu_put_betls(f, &env->regbase[i]);

    /* FPU */
    for(i = 0; i < TARGET_FPREGS; i++) {
        union {
            TARGET_FPREG_T f;
            target_ulong i;
        } u;
        u.f = env->fpr[i];
        qemu_put_betl(f, u.i);
    }

    qemu_put_betls(f, &env->pc);
    qemu_put_betls(f, &env->npc);
    qemu_put_betls(f, &env->y);
    tmp = GET_PSR(env);
    qemu_put_be32(f, tmp);
    qemu_put_betls(f, &env->fsr);
    qemu_put_betls(f, &env->tbr);
#ifndef TARGET_SPARC64
    qemu_put_be32s(f, &env->wim);
    /* MMU */
    for(i = 0; i < 16; i++)
        qemu_put_be32s(f, &env->mmuregs[i]);
#endif
}

int cpu_load(QEMUFile *f, void *opaque, int version_id)
{
    CPUState *env = opaque;
    int i;
    uint32_t tmp;

    for(i = 0; i < 8; i++)
        qemu_get_betls(f, &env->gregs[i]);
    for(i = 0; i < NWINDOWS * 16; i++)
        qemu_get_betls(f, &env->regbase[i]);

    /* FPU */
    for(i = 0; i < TARGET_FPREGS; i++) {
        union {
            TARGET_FPREG_T f;
            target_ulong i;
        } u;
        u.i = qemu_get_betl(f);
        env->fpr[i] = u.f;
    }

    qemu_get_betls(f, &env->pc);
    qemu_get_betls(f, &env->npc);
    qemu_get_betls(f, &env->y);
    tmp = qemu_get_be32(f);
    env->cwp = 0; /* needed to ensure that the wrapping registers are
                     correctly updated */
    PUT_PSR(env, tmp);
    qemu_get_betls(f, &env->fsr);
    qemu_get_betls(f, &env->tbr);
#ifndef TARGET_SPARC64
    qemu_get_be32s(f, &env->wim);
    /* MMU */
    for(i = 0; i < 16; i++)
        qemu_get_be32s(f, &env->mmuregs[i]);
#endif
    tlb_flush(env, 1);
    return 0;
}

#elif defined(TARGET_ARM)

/* ??? Need to implement these.  */
void cpu_save(QEMUFile *f, void *opaque)
{
}

int cpu_load(QEMUFile *f, void *opaque, int version_id)
{
    return 0;
}

#else

#warning No CPU save/restore functions

#endif

/***********************************************************/
/* ram save/restore */

/* we just avoid storing empty pages */
static void ram_put_page(QEMUFile *f, const uint8_t *buf, int len)
{
    int i, v;

    v = buf[0];
    for(i = 1; i < len; i++) {
        if (buf[i] != v)
            goto normal_save;
    }
    qemu_put_byte(f, 1);
    qemu_put_byte(f, v);
    return;
 normal_save:
    qemu_put_byte(f, 0); 
    qemu_put_buffer(f, buf, len);
}

static int ram_get_page(QEMUFile *f, uint8_t *buf, int len)
{
    int v;

    v = qemu_get_byte(f);
    switch(v) {
    case 0:
        if (qemu_get_buffer(f, buf, len) != len)
            return -EIO;
        break;
    case 1:
        v = qemu_get_byte(f);
        memset(buf, v, len);
        break;
    default:
        return -EINVAL;
    }
    return 0;
}

static void ram_save(QEMUFile *f, void *opaque)
{
    int i;
    qemu_put_be32(f, phys_ram_size);
    for(i = 0; i < phys_ram_size; i+= TARGET_PAGE_SIZE) {
        ram_put_page(f, phys_ram_base + i, TARGET_PAGE_SIZE);
    }
}

static int ram_load(QEMUFile *f, void *opaque, int version_id)
{
    int i, ret;

    if (version_id != 1)
        return -EINVAL;
    if (qemu_get_be32(f) != phys_ram_size)
        return -EINVAL;
    for(i = 0; i < phys_ram_size; i+= TARGET_PAGE_SIZE) {
        ret = ram_get_page(f, phys_ram_base + i, TARGET_PAGE_SIZE);
        if (ret)
            return ret;
    }
    return 0;
}

/***********************************************************/
/* machine registration */

QEMUMachine *first_machine = NULL;

int qemu_register_machine(QEMUMachine *m)
{
    QEMUMachine **pm;
    pm = &first_machine;
    while (*pm != NULL)
        pm = &(*pm)->next;
    m->next = NULL;
    *pm = m;
    return 0;
}

QEMUMachine *find_machine(const char *name)
{
    QEMUMachine *m;

    for(m = first_machine; m != NULL; m = m->next) {
        if (!strcmp(m->name, name))
            return m;
    }
    return NULL;
}

/***********************************************************/
/* main execution loop */

void gui_update(void *opaque)
{
    display_state.dpy_refresh(&display_state);
    qemu_mod_timer(gui_timer, GUI_REFRESH_INTERVAL + qemu_get_clock(rt_clock));
}

struct vm_change_state_entry {
    VMChangeStateHandler *cb;
    void *opaque;
    LIST_ENTRY (vm_change_state_entry) entries;
};

static LIST_HEAD(vm_change_state_head, vm_change_state_entry) vm_change_state_head;

VMChangeStateEntry *qemu_add_vm_change_state_handler(VMChangeStateHandler *cb,
                                                     void *opaque)
{
    VMChangeStateEntry *e;

    e = qemu_mallocz(sizeof (*e));
    if (!e)
        return NULL;

    e->cb = cb;
    e->opaque = opaque;
    LIST_INSERT_HEAD(&vm_change_state_head, e, entries);
    return e;
}

void qemu_del_vm_change_state_handler(VMChangeStateEntry *e)
{
    LIST_REMOVE (e, entries);
    qemu_free (e);
}

static void vm_state_notify(int running)
{
    VMChangeStateEntry *e;

    for (e = vm_change_state_head.lh_first; e; e = e->entries.le_next) {
        e->cb(e->opaque, running);
    }
}

/* XXX: support several handlers */
static VMStopHandler *vm_stop_cb;
static void *vm_stop_opaque;

int qemu_add_vm_stop_handler(VMStopHandler *cb, void *opaque)
{
    vm_stop_cb = cb;
    vm_stop_opaque = opaque;
    return 0;
}

void qemu_del_vm_stop_handler(VMStopHandler *cb, void *opaque)
{
    vm_stop_cb = NULL;
}

void vm_start(void)
{
    if (!vm_running) {
        cpu_enable_ticks();
        vm_running = 1;
        vm_state_notify(1);
    }
}

void vm_stop(int reason) 
{
    if (vm_running) {
        cpu_disable_ticks();
        vm_running = 0;
        if (reason != 0) {
            if (vm_stop_cb) {
                vm_stop_cb(vm_stop_opaque, reason);
            }
        }
        vm_state_notify(0);
    }
}

/* reset/shutdown handler */

typedef struct QEMUResetEntry {
    QEMUResetHandler *func;
    void *opaque;
    struct QEMUResetEntry *next;
} QEMUResetEntry;

static QEMUResetEntry *first_reset_entry;
static int reset_requested;
static int shutdown_requested;
static int powerdown_requested;

void qemu_register_reset(QEMUResetHandler *func, void *opaque)
{
    QEMUResetEntry **pre, *re;

    pre = &first_reset_entry;
    while (*pre != NULL)
        pre = &(*pre)->next;
    re = qemu_mallocz(sizeof(QEMUResetEntry));
    re->func = func;
    re->opaque = opaque;
    re->next = NULL;
    *pre = re;
}

void qemu_system_reset(void)
{
    QEMUResetEntry *re;

    /* reset all devices */
    for(re = first_reset_entry; re != NULL; re = re->next) {
        re->func(re->opaque);
    }
}

void qemu_system_reset_request(void)
{
    reset_requested = 1;
    if (cpu_single_env)
        cpu_interrupt(cpu_single_env, CPU_INTERRUPT_EXIT);
}

void qemu_system_shutdown_request(void)
{
    shutdown_requested = 1;
    if (cpu_single_env)
        cpu_interrupt(cpu_single_env, CPU_INTERRUPT_EXIT);
}

void qemu_system_powerdown_request(void)
{
    powerdown_requested = 1;
    if (cpu_single_env)
        cpu_interrupt(cpu_single_env, CPU_INTERRUPT_EXIT);
}

void main_loop_wait(int timeout)
{
#ifndef _WIN32
    struct pollfd ufds[MAX_IO_HANDLERS + 1], *pf;
    IOHandlerRecord *ioh, *ioh_next;
#endif
    int ret;

#ifdef _WIN32
        if (timeout > 0)
            Sleep(timeout);
#else
        /* poll any events */
        /* XXX: separate device handlers from system ones */
        pf = ufds;
        for(ioh = first_io_handler; ioh != NULL; ioh = ioh->next) {
            pf->events = 0;
            pf->fd = ioh->fd;
            if (ioh->fd_read &&
                (!ioh->fd_read_poll ||
                 ioh->fd_read_poll(ioh->opaque) != 0)) {
                pf->events |= POLLIN;
            }
            if (ioh->fd_write) {
                pf->events |= POLLOUT;
            }
            ioh->ufd = pf;
            pf++;
        }
        
        ret = poll(ufds, pf - ufds, timeout);
        if (ret > 0) {
            /* XXX: better handling of removal */
            for(ioh = first_io_handler; ioh != NULL; ioh = ioh_next) {
                ioh_next = ioh->next;
                pf = ioh->ufd;
                if (pf->revents & POLLIN) {
                    ioh->fd_read(ioh->opaque);
                }
                if (pf->revents & POLLOUT) {
                    ioh->fd_write(ioh->opaque);
                }
            }
        }
#endif /* !defined(_WIN32) */
#if defined(CONFIG_SLIRP)
        /* XXX: merge with poll() */
        if (slirp_inited) {
            fd_set rfds, wfds, xfds;
            int nfds;
            struct timeval tv;

            nfds = -1;
            FD_ZERO(&rfds);
            FD_ZERO(&wfds);
            FD_ZERO(&xfds);
            slirp_select_fill(&nfds, &rfds, &wfds, &xfds);
            tv.tv_sec = 0;
            tv.tv_usec = 0;
            ret = select(nfds + 1, &rfds, &wfds, &xfds, &tv);
            if (ret >= 0) {
                slirp_select_poll(&rfds, &wfds, &xfds);
            }
        }
#endif

        if (vm_running) {
            qemu_run_timers(&active_timers[QEMU_TIMER_VIRTUAL], 
                            qemu_get_clock(vm_clock));
            /* run dma transfers, if any */
            DMA_run();
        }

        /* real time timers */
        qemu_run_timers(&active_timers[QEMU_TIMER_REALTIME], 
                        qemu_get_clock(rt_clock));
}

static CPUState *cur_cpu;

int main_loop(void)
{
    int ret, timeout;
    CPUState *env;

    cur_cpu = first_cpu;
    for(;;) {
        if (vm_running) {

            env = cur_cpu;
            for(;;) {
                /* get next cpu */
                env = env->next_cpu;
                if (!env)
                    env = first_cpu;
                ret = cpu_exec(env);
                if (ret != EXCP_HALTED)
                    break;
                /* all CPUs are halted ? */
                if (env == cur_cpu) {
                    ret = EXCP_HLT;
                    break;
                }
            }
            cur_cpu = env;

            if (shutdown_requested) {
                ret = EXCP_INTERRUPT;
                break;
            }
            if (reset_requested) {
                reset_requested = 0;
                qemu_system_reset();
                ret = EXCP_INTERRUPT;
            }
            if (powerdown_requested) {
                powerdown_requested = 0;
                qemu_system_powerdown();
                ret = EXCP_INTERRUPT;
            }
            if (ret == EXCP_DEBUG) {
                vm_stop(EXCP_DEBUG);
            }
            /* if hlt instruction, we wait until the next IRQ */
            /* XXX: use timeout computed from timers */
            if (ret == EXCP_HLT)
                timeout = 10;
            else
                timeout = 0;
        } else {
            timeout = 10;
        }
        main_loop_wait(timeout);
    }
    cpu_disable_ticks();
    return ret;
}

void help(void)
{
    printf("QEMU PC emulator version " QEMU_VERSION ", Copyright (c) 2003-2005 Fabrice Bellard\n"
           "usage: %s [options] [disk_image]\n"
           "\n"
           "'disk_image' is a raw hard image image for IDE hard disk 0\n"
           "\n"
           "Standard options:\n"
           "-M machine      select emulated machine (-M ? for list)\n"
           "-fda/-fdb file  use 'file' as floppy disk 0/1 image\n"
           "-hda/-hdb file  use 'file' as IDE hard disk 0/1 image\n"
           "-hdc/-hdd file  use 'file' as IDE hard disk 2/3 image\n"
           "-cdrom file     use 'file' as IDE cdrom image (cdrom is ide1 master)\n"
           "-boot [a|c|d]   boot on floppy (a), hard disk (c) or CD-ROM (d)\n"
           "-snapshot       write to temporary files instead of disk image files\n"
           "-m megs         set virtual RAM size to megs MB [default=%d]\n"
           "-smp n          set the number of CPUs to 'n' [default=1]\n"
           "-nographic      disable graphical output and redirect serial I/Os to console\n"
#ifndef _WIN32
           "-k language     use keyboard layout (for example \"fr\" for French)\n"
#endif
#ifdef HAS_AUDIO
           "-audio-help     print list of audio drivers and their options\n"
           "-soundhw c1,... enable audio support\n"
           "                and only specified sound cards (comma separated list)\n"
           "                use -soundhw ? to get the list of supported cards\n"
           "                use -soundhw all to enable all of them\n"
#endif
           "-localtime      set the real time clock to local time [default=utc]\n"
           "-full-screen    start in full screen\n"
#ifdef TARGET_I386
           "-win2k-hack     use it when installing Windows 2000 to avoid a disk full bug\n"
#endif
           "-usb            enable the USB driver (will be the default soon)\n"
           "-usbdevice name add the host or guest USB device 'name'\n"
#if defined(TARGET_PPC) || defined(TARGET_SPARC)
           "-g WxH[xDEPTH]  Set the initial graphical resolution and depth\n"
#endif
           "\n"
           "Network options:\n"
           "-net nic[,vlan=n][,macaddr=addr]\n"
           "                create a new Network Interface Card and connect it to VLAN 'n'\n"
#ifdef CONFIG_SLIRP
           "-net user[,vlan=n]\n"
           "                connect the user mode network stack to VLAN 'n'\n"
#endif
#ifndef _WIN32
           "-net tap[,vlan=n][,fd=h][,ifname=name][,script=file]\n"
           "                connect the host TAP network interface to VLAN 'n' and use\n"
           "                the network script 'file' (default=%s);\n"
           "                use 'fd=h' to connect to an already opened TAP interface\n"
           "-net socket[,vlan=n][,fd=h][,listen=[host]:port][,connect=host:port]\n"
           "                connect the vlan 'n' to another VLAN using a socket connection\n"
           "-net socket[,vlan=n][,fd=h][,mcast=maddr:port]\n"
           "                connect the vlan 'n' to multicast maddr and port\n"
#endif
           "-net none       use it alone to have zero network devices; if no -net option\n"
           "                is provided, the default is '-net nic -net user'\n"
           "\n"
#ifdef CONFIG_SLIRP
           "-tftp prefix    allow tftp access to files starting with prefix [-net user]\n"
#ifndef _WIN32
           "-smb dir        allow SMB access to files in 'dir' [-net user]\n"
#endif
           "-redir [tcp|udp]:host-port:[guest-host]:guest-port\n"
           "                redirect TCP or UDP connections from host to guest [-net user]\n"
#endif
           "\n"
           "Linux boot specific:\n"
           "-kernel bzImage use 'bzImage' as kernel image\n"
           "-append cmdline use 'cmdline' as kernel command line\n"
           "-initrd file    use 'file' as initial ram disk\n"
           "\n"
           "Debug/Expert options:\n"
           "-monitor dev    redirect the monitor to char device 'dev'\n"
           "-serial dev     redirect the serial port to char device 'dev'\n"
           "-parallel dev   redirect the parallel port to char device 'dev'\n"
           "-pidfile file   Write PID to 'file'\n"
           "-S              freeze CPU at startup (use 'c' to start execution)\n"
           "-s              wait gdb connection to port %d\n"
           "-p port         change gdb connection port\n"
           "-d item1,...    output log to %s (use -d ? for a list of log items)\n"
           "-hdachs c,h,s[,t]  force hard disk 0 physical geometry and the optional BIOS\n"
           "                translation (t=none or lba) (usually qemu can guess them)\n"
           "-L path         set the directory for the BIOS and VGA BIOS\n"
#ifdef USE_KQEMU
           "-no-kqemu       disable KQEMU kernel module usage\n"
#endif
#ifdef USE_CODE_COPY
           "-no-code-copy   disable code copy acceleration\n"
#endif
#ifdef TARGET_I386
           "-std-vga        simulate a standard VGA card with VESA Bochs Extensions\n"
           "                (default is CL-GD5446 PCI VGA)\n"
#endif
           "-loadvm file    start right away with a saved state (loadvm in monitor)\n"
           "\n"
           "During emulation, the following keys are useful:\n"
           "ctrl-alt-f      toggle full screen\n"
           "ctrl-alt-n      switch to virtual console 'n'\n"
           "ctrl-alt        toggle mouse and keyboard grab\n"
           "\n"
           "When using -nographic, press 'ctrl-a h' to get some help.\n"
           ,
#ifdef CONFIG_SOFTMMU
           "qemu",
#else
           "qemu-fast",
#endif
           DEFAULT_RAM_SIZE,
#ifndef _WIN32
           DEFAULT_NETWORK_SCRIPT,
#endif
           DEFAULT_GDBSTUB_PORT,
           "/tmp/qemu.log");
#ifndef CONFIG_SOFTMMU
    printf("\n"
           "NOTE: this version of QEMU is faster but it needs slightly patched OSes to\n"
           "work. Please use the 'qemu' executable to have a more accurate (but slower)\n"
           "PC emulation.\n");
#endif
    exit(1);
}

#define HAS_ARG 0x0001

enum {
    QEMU_OPTION_h,

    QEMU_OPTION_M,
    QEMU_OPTION_fda,
    QEMU_OPTION_fdb,
    QEMU_OPTION_hda,
    QEMU_OPTION_hdb,
    QEMU_OPTION_hdc,
    QEMU_OPTION_hdd,
    QEMU_OPTION_cdrom,
    QEMU_OPTION_boot,
    QEMU_OPTION_snapshot,
    QEMU_OPTION_m,
    QEMU_OPTION_nographic,
#ifdef HAS_AUDIO
    QEMU_OPTION_audio_help,
    QEMU_OPTION_soundhw,
#endif

    QEMU_OPTION_net,
    QEMU_OPTION_tftp,
    QEMU_OPTION_smb,
    QEMU_OPTION_redir,

    QEMU_OPTION_kernel,
    QEMU_OPTION_append,
    QEMU_OPTION_initrd,

    QEMU_OPTION_S,
    QEMU_OPTION_s,
    QEMU_OPTION_p,
    QEMU_OPTION_d,
    QEMU_OPTION_hdachs,
    QEMU_OPTION_L,
    QEMU_OPTION_no_code_copy,
    QEMU_OPTION_k,
    QEMU_OPTION_localtime,
    QEMU_OPTION_cirrusvga,
    QEMU_OPTION_g,
    QEMU_OPTION_std_vga,
    QEMU_OPTION_monitor,
    QEMU_OPTION_serial,
    QEMU_OPTION_parallel,
    QEMU_OPTION_loadvm,
    QEMU_OPTION_full_screen,
    QEMU_OPTION_pidfile,
    QEMU_OPTION_no_kqemu,
    QEMU_OPTION_win2k_hack,
    QEMU_OPTION_usb,
    QEMU_OPTION_usbdevice,
    QEMU_OPTION_smp,
};

typedef struct QEMUOption {
    const char *name;
    int flags;
    int index;
} QEMUOption;

const QEMUOption qemu_options[] = {
    { "h", 0, QEMU_OPTION_h },

    { "M", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_M },
    { "fda", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_fda },
    { "fdb", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_fdb },
    { "hda", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_hda },
    { "hdb", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_hdb },
    { "hdc", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_hdc },
    { "hdd", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_hdd },
    { "cdrom", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_cdrom },
    { "boot", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_boot },
    { "snapshot", 0, QEMU_OPTION_snapshot },
    { "m", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_m },
    { "nographic", 0, QEMU_OPTION_nographic },
    { "k", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_k },
#ifdef HAS_AUDIO
    { "audio-help", 0, QEMU_OPTION_audio_help },
    { "soundhw", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_soundhw },
#endif

    { "net", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_net},
#ifdef CONFIG_SLIRP
    { "tftp", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_tftp },
#ifndef _WIN32
    { "smb", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_smb },
#endif
    { "redir", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_redir },
#endif

    { "kernel", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_kernel },
    { "append", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_append },
    { "initrd", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_initrd },

    { "S", 0, QEMU_OPTION_S },
    { "s", 0, QEMU_OPTION_s },
    { "p", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_p },
    { "d", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_d },
    { "hdachs", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_hdachs },
    { "L", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_L },
    { "no-code-copy", 0, QEMU_OPTION_no_code_copy },
#ifdef USE_KQEMU
    { "no-kqemu", 0, QEMU_OPTION_no_kqemu },
#endif
#if defined(TARGET_PPC) || defined(TARGET_SPARC)
    { "g", 1, QEMU_OPTION_g },
#endif
    { "localtime", 0, QEMU_OPTION_localtime },
    { "std-vga", 0, QEMU_OPTION_std_vga },
    { "monitor", 1, QEMU_OPTION_monitor },
    { "serial", 1, QEMU_OPTION_serial },
    { "parallel", 1, QEMU_OPTION_parallel },
    { "loadvm", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_loadvm },
    { "full-screen", 0, QEMU_OPTION_full_screen },
    { "pidfile", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_pidfile },
    { "win2k-hack", 0, QEMU_OPTION_win2k_hack },
    { "usbdevice", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_usbdevice },
    { "smp", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_smp },
    
    /* temporary options */
    { "usb", 0, QEMU_OPTION_usb },
    { "cirrusvga", 0, QEMU_OPTION_cirrusvga },
    { NULL },
};

#if defined (TARGET_I386) && defined(USE_CODE_COPY)

/* this stack is only used during signal handling */
#define SIGNAL_STACK_SIZE 32768

static uint8_t *signal_stack;

#endif

/* password input */

static BlockDriverState *get_bdrv(int index)
{
    BlockDriverState *bs;

    if (index < 4) {
        bs = bs_table[index];
    } else if (index < 6) {
        bs = fd_table[index - 4];
    } else {
        bs = NULL;
    }
    return bs;
}

static void read_passwords(void)
{
    BlockDriverState *bs;
    int i, j;
    char password[256];

    for(i = 0; i < 6; i++) {
        bs = get_bdrv(i);
        if (bs && bdrv_is_encrypted(bs)) {
            term_printf("%s is encrypted.\n", bdrv_get_device_name(bs));
            for(j = 0; j < 3; j++) {
                monitor_readline("Password: ", 
                                 1, password, sizeof(password));
                if (bdrv_set_key(bs, password) == 0)
                    break;
                term_printf("invalid password\n");
            }
        }
    }
}

/* XXX: currently we cannot use simultaneously different CPUs */
void register_machines(void)
{
#if defined(TARGET_I386)
    qemu_register_machine(&pc_machine);
    qemu_register_machine(&isapc_machine);
#elif defined(TARGET_PPC)
    qemu_register_machine(&heathrow_machine);
    qemu_register_machine(&core99_machine);
    qemu_register_machine(&prep_machine);
#elif defined(TARGET_MIPS)
    qemu_register_machine(&mips_machine);
#elif defined(TARGET_SPARC)
#ifdef TARGET_SPARC64
    qemu_register_machine(&sun4u_machine);
#else
    qemu_register_machine(&sun4m_machine);
#endif
#elif defined(TARGET_ARM)
    qemu_register_machine(&integratorcp_machine);
#else
#error unsupported CPU
#endif
}

#ifdef HAS_AUDIO
struct soundhw soundhw[] = {
    {
        "sb16",
        "Creative Sound Blaster 16",
        0,
        1,
        { .init_isa = SB16_init }
    },

#ifdef CONFIG_ADLIB
    {
        "adlib",
#ifdef HAS_YMF262
        "Yamaha YMF262 (OPL3)",
#else
        "Yamaha YM3812 (OPL2)",
#endif
        0,
        1,
        { .init_isa = Adlib_init }
    },
#endif

#ifdef CONFIG_GUS
    {
        "gus",
        "Gravis Ultrasound GF1",
        0,
        1,
        { .init_isa = GUS_init }
    },
#endif

    {
        "es1370",
        "ENSONIQ AudioPCI ES1370",
        0,
        0,
        { .init_pci = es1370_init }
    },

    { NULL, NULL, 0, 0, { NULL } }
};

static void select_soundhw (const char *optarg)
{
    struct soundhw *c;

    if (*optarg == '?') {
    show_valid_cards:

        printf ("Valid sound card names (comma separated):\n");
        for (c = soundhw; c->name; ++c) {
            printf ("%-11s %s\n", c->name, c->descr);
        }
        printf ("\n-soundhw all will enable all of the above\n");
        exit (*optarg != '?');
    }
    else {
        size_t l;
        const char *p;
        char *e;
        int bad_card = 0;

        if (!strcmp (optarg, "all")) {
            for (c = soundhw; c->name; ++c) {
                c->enabled = 1;
            }
            return;
        }

        p = optarg;
        while (*p) {
            e = strchr (p, ',');
            l = !e ? strlen (p) : (size_t) (e - p);

            for (c = soundhw; c->name; ++c) {
                if (!strncmp (c->name, p, l)) {
                    c->enabled = 1;
                    break;
                }
            }

            if (!c->name) {
                if (l > 80) {
                    fprintf (stderr,
                             "Unknown sound card name (too big to show)\n");
                }
                else {
                    fprintf (stderr, "Unknown sound card name `%.*s'\n",
                             (int) l, p);
                }
                bad_card = 1;
            }
            p += l + (e != NULL);
        }

        if (bad_card)
            goto show_valid_cards;
    }
}
#endif

#define MAX_NET_CLIENTS 32

int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
#ifdef CONFIG_GDBSTUB
    int use_gdbstub, gdbstub_port;
#endif
    int i, cdrom_index;
    int snapshot, linux_boot;
    const char *initrd_filename;
    const char *hd_filename[MAX_DISKS], *fd_filename[MAX_FD];
    const char *kernel_filename, *kernel_cmdline;
    DisplayState *ds = &display_state;
    int cyls, heads, secs, translation;
    int start_emulation = 1;
    char net_clients[MAX_NET_CLIENTS][256];
    int nb_net_clients;
    int optind;
    const char *r, *optarg;
    CharDriverState *monitor_hd;
    char monitor_device[128];
    char serial_devices[MAX_SERIAL_PORTS][128];
    int serial_device_index;
    char parallel_devices[MAX_PARALLEL_PORTS][128];
    int parallel_device_index;
    const char *loadvm = NULL;
    QEMUMachine *machine;
    char usb_devices[MAX_VM_USB_PORTS][128];
    int usb_devices_index;

    LIST_INIT (&vm_change_state_head);
#if !defined(CONFIG_SOFTMMU)
    /* we never want that malloc() uses mmap() */
    mallopt(M_MMAP_THRESHOLD, 4096 * 1024);
#endif
    register_machines();
    machine = first_machine;
    initrd_filename = NULL;
    for(i = 0; i < MAX_FD; i++)
        fd_filename[i] = NULL;
    for(i = 0; i < MAX_DISKS; i++)
        hd_filename[i] = NULL;
    ram_size = DEFAULT_RAM_SIZE * 1024 * 1024;
    vga_ram_size = VGA_RAM_SIZE;
    bios_size = BIOS_SIZE;
#ifdef CONFIG_GDBSTUB
    use_gdbstub = 0;
    gdbstub_port = DEFAULT_GDBSTUB_PORT;
#endif
    snapshot = 0;
    nographic = 0;
    kernel_filename = NULL;
    kernel_cmdline = "";
#ifdef TARGET_PPC
    cdrom_index = 1;
#else
    cdrom_index = 2;
#endif
    cyls = heads = secs = 0;
    translation = BIOS_ATA_TRANSLATION_AUTO;
    pstrcpy(monitor_device, sizeof(monitor_device), "vc");

    pstrcpy(serial_devices[0], sizeof(serial_devices[0]), "vc");
    for(i = 1; i < MAX_SERIAL_PORTS; i++)
        serial_devices[i][0] = '\0';
    serial_device_index = 0;
    
    pstrcpy(parallel_devices[0], sizeof(parallel_devices[0]), "vc");
    for(i = 1; i < MAX_PARALLEL_PORTS; i++)
        parallel_devices[i][0] = '\0';
    parallel_device_index = 0;
    
    usb_devices_index = 0;
    
    nb_net_clients = 0;

    nb_nics = 0;
    /* default mac address of the first network interface */
    
    optind = 1;
    for(;;) {
        if (optind >= argc)
            break;
        r = argv[optind];
        if (r[0] != '-') {
            hd_filename[0] = argv[optind++];
        } else {
            const QEMUOption *popt;

            optind++;
            popt = qemu_options;
            for(;;) {
                if (!popt->name) {
                    fprintf(stderr, "%s: invalid option -- '%s'\n", 
                            argv[0], r);
                    exit(1);
                }
                if (!strcmp(popt->name, r + 1))
                    break;
                popt++;
            }
            if (popt->flags & HAS_ARG) {
                if (optind >= argc) {
                    fprintf(stderr, "%s: option '%s' requires an argument\n",
                            argv[0], r);
                    exit(1);
                }
                optarg = argv[optind++];
            } else {
                optarg = NULL;
            }

            switch(popt->index) {
            case QEMU_OPTION_M:
                machine = find_machine(optarg);
                if (!machine) {
                    QEMUMachine *m;
                    printf("Supported machines are:\n");
                    for(m = first_machine; m != NULL; m = m->next) {
                        printf("%-10s %s%s\n",
                               m->name, m->desc, 
                               m == first_machine ? " (default)" : "");
                    }
                    exit(1);
                }
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_initrd:
                initrd_filename = optarg;
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_hda:
            case QEMU_OPTION_hdb:
            case QEMU_OPTION_hdc:
            case QEMU_OPTION_hdd:
                {
                    int hd_index;
                    hd_index = popt->index - QEMU_OPTION_hda;
                    hd_filename[hd_index] = optarg;
                    if (hd_index == cdrom_index)
                        cdrom_index = -1;
                }
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_snapshot:
                snapshot = 1;
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_hdachs:
                {
                    const char *p;
                    p = optarg;
                    cyls = strtol(p, (char **)&p, 0);
                    if (cyls < 1 || cyls > 16383)
                        goto chs_fail;
                    if (*p != ',')
                        goto chs_fail;
                    p++;
                    heads = strtol(p, (char **)&p, 0);
                    if (heads < 1 || heads > 16)
                        goto chs_fail;
                    if (*p != ',')
                        goto chs_fail;
                    p++;
                    secs = strtol(p, (char **)&p, 0);
                    if (secs < 1 || secs > 63)
                        goto chs_fail;
                    if (*p == ',') {
                        p++;
                        if (!strcmp(p, "none"))
                            translation = BIOS_ATA_TRANSLATION_NONE;
                        else if (!strcmp(p, "lba"))
                            translation = BIOS_ATA_TRANSLATION_LBA;
                        else if (!strcmp(p, "auto"))
                            translation = BIOS_ATA_TRANSLATION_AUTO;
                        else
                            goto chs_fail;
                    } else if (*p != '\0') {
                    chs_fail:
                        fprintf(stderr, "qemu: invalid physical CHS format\n");
                        exit(1);
                    }
                }
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_nographic:
                pstrcpy(monitor_device, sizeof(monitor_device), "stdio");
                pstrcpy(serial_devices[0], sizeof(serial_devices[0]), "stdio");
                nographic = 1;
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_kernel:
                kernel_filename = optarg;
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_append:
                kernel_cmdline = optarg;
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_cdrom:
                if (cdrom_index >= 0) {
                    hd_filename[cdrom_index] = optarg;
                }
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_boot:
                boot_device = optarg[0];
                if (boot_device != 'a' && 
#ifdef TARGET_SPARC
                    // Network boot
                    boot_device != 'n' &&
#endif
                    boot_device != 'c' && boot_device != 'd') {
                    fprintf(stderr, "qemu: invalid boot device '%c'\n", boot_device);
                    exit(1);
                }
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_fda:
                fd_filename[0] = optarg;
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_fdb:
                fd_filename[1] = optarg;
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_no_code_copy:
                code_copy_enabled = 0;
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_net:
                if (nb_net_clients >= MAX_NET_CLIENTS) {
                    fprintf(stderr, "qemu: too many network clients\n");
                    exit(1);
                }
                pstrcpy(net_clients[nb_net_clients],
                        sizeof(net_clients[0]),
                        optarg);
                nb_net_clients++;
                break;
#ifdef CONFIG_SLIRP
            case QEMU_OPTION_tftp:
                tftp_prefix = optarg;
                break;
#ifndef _WIN32
            case QEMU_OPTION_smb:
                net_slirp_smb(optarg);
                break;
#endif
            case QEMU_OPTION_redir:
                net_slirp_redir(optarg);                
                break;
#endif
#ifdef HAS_AUDIO
            case QEMU_OPTION_audio_help:
                AUD_help ();
                exit (0);
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_soundhw:
                select_soundhw (optarg);
                break;
#endif
            case QEMU_OPTION_h:
                help();
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_m:
                ram_size = atoi(optarg) * 1024 * 1024;
                if (ram_size <= 0)
                    help();
                if (ram_size > PHYS_RAM_MAX_SIZE) {
                    fprintf(stderr, "qemu: at most %d MB RAM can be simulated\n",
                            PHYS_RAM_MAX_SIZE / (1024 * 1024));
                    exit(1);
                }
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_d:
                {
                    int mask;
                    CPULogItem *item;
                    
                    mask = cpu_str_to_log_mask(optarg);
                    if (!mask) {
                        printf("Log items (comma separated):\n");
                    for(item = cpu_log_items; item->mask != 0; item++) {
                        printf("%-10s %s\n", item->name, item->help);
                    }
                    exit(1);
                    }
                    cpu_set_log(mask);
                }
                break;
#ifdef CONFIG_GDBSTUB
            case QEMU_OPTION_s:
                use_gdbstub = 1;
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_p:
                gdbstub_port = atoi(optarg);
                break;
#endif
            case QEMU_OPTION_L:
                bios_dir = optarg;
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_S:
                start_emulation = 0;
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_k:
                keyboard_layout = optarg;
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_localtime:
                rtc_utc = 0;
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_cirrusvga:
                cirrus_vga_enabled = 1;
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_std_vga:
                cirrus_vga_enabled = 0;
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_g:
                {
                    const char *p;
                    int w, h, depth;
                    p = optarg;
                    w = strtol(p, (char **)&p, 10);
                    if (w <= 0) {
                    graphic_error:
                        fprintf(stderr, "qemu: invalid resolution or depth\n");
                        exit(1);
                    }
                    if (*p != 'x')
                        goto graphic_error;
                    p++;
                    h = strtol(p, (char **)&p, 10);
                    if (h <= 0)
                        goto graphic_error;
                    if (*p == 'x') {
                        p++;
                        depth = strtol(p, (char **)&p, 10);
                        if (depth != 8 && depth != 15 && depth != 16 && 
                            depth != 24 && depth != 32)
                            goto graphic_error;
                    } else if (*p == '\0') {
                        depth = graphic_depth;
                    } else {
                        goto graphic_error;
                    }
                    
                    graphic_width = w;
                    graphic_height = h;
                    graphic_depth = depth;
                }
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_monitor:
                pstrcpy(monitor_device, sizeof(monitor_device), optarg);
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_serial:
                if (serial_device_index >= MAX_SERIAL_PORTS) {
                    fprintf(stderr, "qemu: too many serial ports\n");
                    exit(1);
                }
                pstrcpy(serial_devices[serial_device_index], 
                        sizeof(serial_devices[0]), optarg);
                serial_device_index++;
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_parallel:
                if (parallel_device_index >= MAX_PARALLEL_PORTS) {
                    fprintf(stderr, "qemu: too many parallel ports\n");
                    exit(1);
                }
                pstrcpy(parallel_devices[parallel_device_index], 
                        sizeof(parallel_devices[0]), optarg);
                parallel_device_index++;
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_loadvm:
                loadvm = optarg;
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_full_screen:
                full_screen = 1;
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_pidfile:
                create_pidfile(optarg);
                break;
#ifdef TARGET_I386
            case QEMU_OPTION_win2k_hack:
                win2k_install_hack = 1;
                break;
#endif
#ifdef USE_KQEMU
            case QEMU_OPTION_no_kqemu:
                kqemu_allowed = 0;
                break;
#endif
            case QEMU_OPTION_usb:
                usb_enabled = 1;
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_usbdevice:
                usb_enabled = 1;
                if (usb_devices_index >= MAX_VM_USB_PORTS) {
                    fprintf(stderr, "Too many USB devices\n");
                    exit(1);
                }
                pstrcpy(usb_devices[usb_devices_index],
                        sizeof(usb_devices[usb_devices_index]),
                        optarg);
                usb_devices_index++;
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_smp:
                smp_cpus = atoi(optarg);
                if (smp_cpus < 1 || smp_cpus > MAX_CPUS) {
                    fprintf(stderr, "Invalid number of CPUs\n");
                    exit(1);
                }
                break;
            }
        }
    }

    linux_boot = (kernel_filename != NULL);
        
    if (!linux_boot && 
        hd_filename[0] == '\0' && 
        (cdrom_index >= 0 && hd_filename[cdrom_index] == '\0') &&
        fd_filename[0] == '\0')
        help();
    
    /* boot to cd by default if no hard disk */
    if (hd_filename[0] == '\0' && boot_device == 'c') {
        if (fd_filename[0] != '\0')
            boot_device = 'a';
        else
            boot_device = 'd';
    }

#if !defined(CONFIG_SOFTMMU)
    /* must avoid mmap() usage of glibc by setting a buffer "by hand" */
    {
        static uint8_t stdout_buf[4096];
        setvbuf(stdout, stdout_buf, _IOLBF, sizeof(stdout_buf));
    }
#else
    setvbuf(stdout, NULL, _IOLBF, 0);
#endif
    
    /* init network clients */
    if (nb_net_clients == 0) {
        /* if no clients, we use a default config */
        pstrcpy(net_clients[0], sizeof(net_clients[0]),
                "nic");
        pstrcpy(net_clients[1], sizeof(net_clients[0]),
                "user");
        nb_net_clients = 2;
    }

    for(i = 0;i < nb_net_clients; i++) {
        if (net_client_init(net_clients[i]) < 0)
            exit(1);
    }

    /* init the memory */
    phys_ram_size = ram_size + vga_ram_size + bios_size;

#ifdef CONFIG_SOFTMMU
    phys_ram_base = qemu_vmalloc(phys_ram_size);
    if (!phys_ram_base) {
        fprintf(stderr, "Could not allocate physical memory\n");
        exit(1);
    }
#else
    /* as we must map the same page at several addresses, we must use
       a fd */
    {
        const char *tmpdir;

        tmpdir = getenv("QEMU_TMPDIR");
        if (!tmpdir)
            tmpdir = "/tmp";
        snprintf(phys_ram_file, sizeof(phys_ram_file), "%s/vlXXXXXX", tmpdir);
        if (mkstemp(phys_ram_file) < 0) {
            fprintf(stderr, "Could not create temporary memory file '%s'\n", 
                    phys_ram_file);
            exit(1);
        }
        phys_ram_fd = open(phys_ram_file, O_CREAT | O_TRUNC | O_RDWR, 0600);
        if (phys_ram_fd < 0) {
            fprintf(stderr, "Could not open temporary memory file '%s'\n", 
                    phys_ram_file);
            exit(1);
        }
        ftruncate(phys_ram_fd, phys_ram_size);
        unlink(phys_ram_file);
        phys_ram_base = mmap(get_mmap_addr(phys_ram_size), 
                             phys_ram_size, 
                             PROT_WRITE | PROT_READ, MAP_SHARED | MAP_FIXED, 
                             phys_ram_fd, 0);
        if (phys_ram_base == MAP_FAILED) {
            fprintf(stderr, "Could not map physical memory\n");
            exit(1);
        }
    }
#endif

    /* we always create the cdrom drive, even if no disk is there */
    bdrv_init();
    if (cdrom_index >= 0) {
        bs_table[cdrom_index] = bdrv_new("cdrom");
        bdrv_set_type_hint(bs_table[cdrom_index], BDRV_TYPE_CDROM);
    }

    /* open the virtual block devices */
    for(i = 0; i < MAX_DISKS; i++) {
        if (hd_filename[i]) {
            if (!bs_table[i]) {
                char buf[64];
                snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "hd%c", i + 'a');
                bs_table[i] = bdrv_new(buf);
            }
            if (bdrv_open(bs_table[i], hd_filename[i], snapshot) < 0) {
                fprintf(stderr, "qemu: could not open hard disk image '%s'\n",
                        hd_filename[i]);
                exit(1);
            }
            if (i == 0 && cyls != 0) {
                bdrv_set_geometry_hint(bs_table[i], cyls, heads, secs);
                bdrv_set_translation_hint(bs_table[i], translation);
            }
        }
    }

    /* we always create at least one floppy disk */
    fd_table[0] = bdrv_new("fda");
    bdrv_set_type_hint(fd_table[0], BDRV_TYPE_FLOPPY);

    for(i = 0; i < MAX_FD; i++) {
        if (fd_filename[i]) {
            if (!fd_table[i]) {
                char buf[64];
                snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "fd%c", i + 'a');
                fd_table[i] = bdrv_new(buf);
                bdrv_set_type_hint(fd_table[i], BDRV_TYPE_FLOPPY);
            }
            if (fd_filename[i] != '\0') {
                if (bdrv_open(fd_table[i], fd_filename[i], snapshot) < 0) {
                    fprintf(stderr, "qemu: could not open floppy disk image '%s'\n",
                            fd_filename[i]);
                    exit(1);
                }
            }
        }
    }

    /* init USB devices */
    if (usb_enabled) {
        vm_usb_hub = usb_hub_init(vm_usb_ports, MAX_VM_USB_PORTS);
        for(i = 0; i < usb_devices_index; i++) {
            if (usb_device_add(usb_devices[i]) < 0) {
                fprintf(stderr, "Warning: could not add USB device %s\n",
                        usb_devices[i]);
            }
        }
    }

    register_savevm("timer", 0, 1, timer_save, timer_load, NULL);
    register_savevm("ram", 0, 1, ram_save, ram_load, NULL);

    init_ioports();
    cpu_calibrate_ticks();

    /* terminal init */
    if (nographic) {
        dumb_display_init(ds);
    } else {
#if defined(CONFIG_SDL)
        sdl_display_init(ds, full_screen);
#elif defined(CONFIG_COCOA)
        cocoa_display_init(ds, full_screen);
#else
        dumb_display_init(ds);
#endif
    }

    vga_console = graphic_console_init(ds);
    
    monitor_hd = qemu_chr_open(monitor_device);
    if (!monitor_hd) {
        fprintf(stderr, "qemu: could not open monitor device '%s'\n", monitor_device);
        exit(1);
    }
    monitor_init(monitor_hd, !nographic);

    for(i = 0; i < MAX_SERIAL_PORTS; i++) {
        if (serial_devices[i][0] != '\0') {
            serial_hds[i] = qemu_chr_open(serial_devices[i]);
            if (!serial_hds[i]) {
                fprintf(stderr, "qemu: could not open serial device '%s'\n", 
                        serial_devices[i]);
                exit(1);
            }
            if (!strcmp(serial_devices[i], "vc"))
                qemu_chr_printf(serial_hds[i], "serial%d console\n", i);
        }
    }

    for(i = 0; i < MAX_PARALLEL_PORTS; i++) {
        if (parallel_devices[i][0] != '\0') {
            parallel_hds[i] = qemu_chr_open(parallel_devices[i]);
            if (!parallel_hds[i]) {
                fprintf(stderr, "qemu: could not open parallel device '%s'\n", 
                        parallel_devices[i]);
                exit(1);
            }
            if (!strcmp(parallel_devices[i], "vc"))
                qemu_chr_printf(parallel_hds[i], "parallel%d console\n", i);
        }
    }

    /* setup cpu signal handlers for MMU / self modifying code handling */
#if !defined(CONFIG_SOFTMMU)
    
#if defined (TARGET_I386) && defined(USE_CODE_COPY)
    {
        stack_t stk;
        signal_stack = memalign(16, SIGNAL_STACK_SIZE);
        stk.ss_sp = signal_stack;
        stk.ss_size = SIGNAL_STACK_SIZE;
        stk.ss_flags = 0;

        if (sigaltstack(&stk, NULL) < 0) {
            perror("sigaltstack");
            exit(1);
        }
    }
#endif
    {
        struct sigaction act;
        
        sigfillset(&act.sa_mask);
        act.sa_flags = SA_SIGINFO;
#if defined (TARGET_I386) && defined(USE_CODE_COPY)
        act.sa_flags |= SA_ONSTACK;
#endif
        act.sa_sigaction = host_segv_handler;
        sigaction(SIGSEGV, &act, NULL);
        sigaction(SIGBUS, &act, NULL);
#if defined (TARGET_I386) && defined(USE_CODE_COPY)
        sigaction(SIGFPE, &act, NULL);
#endif
    }
#endif

#ifndef _WIN32
    {
        struct sigaction act;
        sigfillset(&act.sa_mask);
        act.sa_flags = 0;
        act.sa_handler = SIG_IGN;
        sigaction(SIGPIPE, &act, NULL);
    }
#endif
    init_timers();

    machine->init(ram_size, vga_ram_size, boot_device,
                  ds, fd_filename, snapshot,
                  kernel_filename, kernel_cmdline, initrd_filename);

    gui_timer = qemu_new_timer(rt_clock, gui_update, NULL);
    qemu_mod_timer(gui_timer, qemu_get_clock(rt_clock));

#ifdef CONFIG_GDBSTUB
    if (use_gdbstub) {
        if (gdbserver_start(gdbstub_port) < 0) {
            fprintf(stderr, "Could not open gdbserver socket on port %d\n", 
                    gdbstub_port);
            exit(1);
        } else {
            printf("Waiting gdb connection on port %d\n", gdbstub_port);
        }
    } else 
#endif
    if (loadvm)
        qemu_loadvm(loadvm);

    {
        /* XXX: simplify init */
        read_passwords();
        if (start_emulation) {
            vm_start();
        }
    }
    main_loop();
    quit_timers();
    return 0;
}