Update to 2.0.0 tree from current Fremantle build
[opencv] / src / cxcore / cxpersistence.cpp
diff --git a/src/cxcore/cxpersistence.cpp b/src/cxcore/cxpersistence.cpp
new file mode 100644 (file)
index 0000000..79d7bd1
--- /dev/null
@@ -0,0 +1,5205 @@
+/*M///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+//
+//  IMPORTANT: READ BEFORE DOWNLOADING, COPYING, INSTALLING OR USING.
+//
+//  By downloading, copying, installing or using the software you agree to this license.
+//  If you do not agree to this license, do not download, install,
+//  copy or use the software.
+//
+//
+//                           License Agreement
+//                For Open Source Computer Vision Library
+//
+// Copyright (C) 2000-2008, Intel Corporation, all rights reserved.
+// Copyright (C) 2009, Willow Garage Inc., all rights reserved.
+// Third party copyrights are property of their respective owners.
+//
+// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification,
+// are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
+//
+//   * Redistribution's of source code must retain the above copyright notice,
+//     this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+//
+//   * Redistribution's in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,
+//     this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation
+//     and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+//
+//   * The name of the copyright holders may not be used to endorse or promote products
+//     derived from this software without specific prior written permission.
+//
+// This software is provided by the copyright holders and contributors "as is" and
+// any express or implied warranties, including, but not limited to, the implied
+// warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose are disclaimed.
+// In no event shall the Intel Corporation or contributors be liable for any direct,
+// indirect, incidental, special, exemplary, or consequential damages
+// (including, but not limited to, procurement of substitute goods or services;
+// loss of use, data, or profits; or business interruption) however caused
+// and on any theory of liability, whether in contract, strict liability,
+// or tort (including negligence or otherwise) arising in any way out of
+// the use of this software, even if advised of the possibility of such damage.
+//
+//M*/
+
+#include "_cxcore.h"
+#include <ctype.h>
+#include <wchar.h>
+#include <zlib.h>
+
+/****************************************************************************************\
+*                            Common macros and type definitions                          *
+\****************************************************************************************/
+
+#define cv_isprint(c)     ((signed char)(c) >= (signed char)' ')
+#define cv_isprint_or_tab(c)  ((signed char)(c) >= (signed char)' ' || (c) == '\t')
+
+static char* icv_itoa( int _val, char* buffer, int /*radix*/ )
+{
+    const int radix = 10;
+    char* ptr=buffer + 23 /* enough even for 64-bit integers */;
+    unsigned val = abs(_val);
+
+    *ptr = '\0';
+    do
+    {
+        unsigned r = val / radix;
+        *--ptr = (char)(val - (r*radix) + '0');
+        val = r;
+    }
+    while( val != 0 );
+
+    if( _val < 0 )
+        *--ptr = '-';
+
+    return ptr;
+}
+
+cv::string cv::FileStorage::getDefaultObjectName(const string& _filename)
+{
+    static const char* stubname = "unnamed";
+    const char* filename = _filename.c_str();
+    const char* ptr2 = filename + _filename.size();
+    const char* ptr = ptr2 - 1;
+    cv::AutoBuffer<char> name_buf(_filename.size()+1);
+
+    while( ptr >= filename && *ptr != '\\' && *ptr != '/' && *ptr != ':' )
+    {
+        if( *ptr == '.' && (!*ptr2 || strncmp(ptr2, ".gz", 3) == 0) )
+            ptr2 = ptr;
+        ptr--;
+    }
+    ptr++;
+    if( ptr == ptr2 )
+        CV_Error( CV_StsBadArg, "Invalid filename" );
+
+    char* name = name_buf;
+
+    // name must start with letter or '_'
+    if( !isalpha(*ptr) && *ptr!= '_' ){
+        *name++ = '_';
+    }
+
+    while( ptr < ptr2 )
+    {
+        char c = *ptr++;
+        if( !isalnum(c) && c != '-' && c != '_' )
+            c = '_';
+        *name++ = c;
+    }
+    *name = '\0';
+    name = name_buf;
+    if( strcmp( name, "_" ) == 0 )
+        strcpy( name, stubname );
+    return cv::string(name);
+}
+
+namespace cv
+{
+
+string fromUtf16(const WString& str)
+{
+    cv::AutoBuffer<char> _buf(str.size()*4 + 1);
+    char* buf = _buf;
+        
+    size_t sz = wcstombs(buf, str.c_str(), str.size());
+    if( sz == (size_t)-1 )
+        return string();
+    buf[sz] = '\0';
+    return string(buf);
+}
+
+WString toUtf16(const string& str)
+{
+    cv::AutoBuffer<wchar_t> _buf(str.size() + 1);
+    wchar_t* buf = _buf;
+        
+    size_t sz = mbstowcs(buf, str.c_str(), str.size());
+    if( sz == (size_t)-1 )
+        return WString();
+    buf[sz] = '\0';
+    return WString(buf);
+}
+
+}
+
+typedef struct CvGenericHash
+{
+    CV_SET_FIELDS()
+    int tab_size;
+    void** table;
+}
+CvGenericHash;
+
+typedef CvGenericHash CvStringHash;
+
+typedef struct CvFileMapNode
+{
+    CvFileNode value;
+    const CvStringHashNode* key;
+    struct CvFileMapNode* next;
+}
+CvFileMapNode;
+
+typedef struct CvXMLStackRecord
+{
+    CvMemStoragePos pos;
+    CvString struct_tag;
+    int struct_indent;
+    int struct_flags;
+}
+CvXMLStackRecord;
+
+#define CV_XML_OPENING_TAG 1
+#define CV_XML_CLOSING_TAG 2
+#define CV_XML_EMPTY_TAG 3
+#define CV_XML_HEADER_TAG 4
+#define CV_XML_DIRECTIVE_TAG 5
+
+//typedef void (*CvParse)( struct CvFileStorage* fs );
+typedef void (*CvStartWriteStruct)( struct CvFileStorage* fs, const char* key,
+                                    int struct_flags, const char* type_name );
+typedef void (*CvEndWriteStruct)( struct CvFileStorage* fs );
+typedef void (*CvWriteInt)( struct CvFileStorage* fs, const char* key, int value );
+typedef void (*CvWriteReal)( struct CvFileStorage* fs, const char* key, double value );
+typedef void (*CvWriteString)( struct CvFileStorage* fs, const char* key,
+                               const char* value, int quote );
+typedef void (*CvWriteComment)( struct CvFileStorage* fs, const char* comment, int eol_comment );
+typedef void (*CvStartNextStream)( struct CvFileStorage* fs );
+
+typedef struct CvFileStorage
+{
+    int flags;
+    int is_xml;
+    int write_mode;
+    int is_first;
+    CvMemStorage* memstorage;
+    CvMemStorage* dststorage;
+    CvMemStorage* strstorage;
+    CvStringHash* str_hash;
+    CvSeq* roots;
+    CvSeq* write_stack;
+    int struct_indent;
+    int struct_flags;
+    CvString struct_tag;
+    int space;
+    char* filename;
+    FILE* file;
+    gzFile gzfile;
+    char* buffer;
+    char* buffer_start;
+    char* buffer_end;
+    int wrap_margin;
+    int lineno;
+    int dummy_eof;
+    const char* errmsg;
+    char errmsgbuf[128];
+
+    CvStartWriteStruct start_write_struct;
+    CvEndWriteStruct end_write_struct;
+    CvWriteInt write_int;
+    CvWriteReal write_real;
+    CvWriteString write_string;
+    CvWriteComment write_comment;
+    CvStartNextStream start_next_stream;
+    //CvParse parse;
+}
+CvFileStorage;
+
+static void icvPuts( CvFileStorage* fs, const char* str )
+{
+    CV_Assert( fs->file || fs->gzfile );
+    if( fs->file )
+        fputs( str, fs->file );
+    else
+        gzputs( fs->gzfile, str );
+}
+
+static char* icvGets( CvFileStorage* fs, char* str, int maxCount )
+{
+    CV_Assert( fs->file || fs->gzfile );
+    if( fs->file )
+        return fgets( str, maxCount, fs->file );
+    return gzgets( fs->gzfile, str, maxCount );
+}
+
+static int icvEof( CvFileStorage* fs )
+{
+    CV_Assert( fs->file || fs->gzfile );
+    if( fs->file )
+        return feof(fs->file);
+    return gzeof(fs->gzfile);
+}
+
+static void icvClose( CvFileStorage* fs )
+{
+    if( fs->file )
+        fclose( fs->file );
+    if( fs->gzfile )
+        gzclose( fs->gzfile );
+    fs->file = 0;
+    fs->gzfile = 0;
+}
+
+static void icvRewind( CvFileStorage* fs )
+{
+    CV_Assert( fs->file || fs->gzfile );
+    if( fs->file )
+        rewind(fs->file);
+    else
+        gzrewind(fs->gzfile);
+}
+
+#define CV_YML_INDENT  3
+#define CV_XML_INDENT  2
+#define CV_YML_INDENT_FLOW  1
+#define CV_FS_MAX_LEN 4096
+
+#define CV_FILE_STORAGE ('Y' + ('A' << 8) + ('M' << 16) + ('L' << 24))
+#define CV_IS_FILE_STORAGE(fs) ((fs) != 0 && (fs)->flags == CV_FILE_STORAGE)
+
+#define CV_CHECK_FILE_STORAGE(fs)                       \
+{                                                       \
+    if( !CV_IS_FILE_STORAGE(fs) )                       \
+        CV_Error( (fs) ? CV_StsBadArg : CV_StsNullPtr,  \
+                  "Invalid pointer to file storage" );  \
+}
+
+#define CV_CHECK_OUTPUT_FILE_STORAGE(fs)                \
+{                                                       \
+    CV_CHECK_FILE_STORAGE(fs);                          \
+    if( !fs->write_mode )                               \
+        CV_Error( CV_StsError, "The file storage is opened for reading" ); \
+}
+
+CV_IMPL const char*
+cvAttrValue( const CvAttrList* attr, const char* attr_name )
+{
+    while( attr && attr->attr )
+    {
+        int i;
+        for( i = 0; attr->attr[i*2] != 0; i++ )
+        {
+            if( strcmp( attr_name, attr->attr[i*2] ) == 0 )
+                return attr->attr[i*2+1];
+        }
+        attr = attr->next;
+    }
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+
+static CvGenericHash*
+cvCreateMap( int flags, int header_size, int elem_size,
+             CvMemStorage* storage, int start_tab_size )
+{
+    if( header_size < (int)sizeof(CvGenericHash) )
+        CV_Error( CV_StsBadSize, "Too small map header_size" );
+
+    if( start_tab_size <= 0 )
+        start_tab_size = 16;
+
+    CvGenericHash* map = (CvGenericHash*)cvCreateSet( flags, header_size, elem_size, storage );
+
+    map->tab_size = start_tab_size;
+    start_tab_size *= sizeof(map->table[0]);
+    map->table = (void**)cvMemStorageAlloc( storage, start_tab_size );
+    memset( map->table, 0, start_tab_size );
+
+    return map;
+}
+
+#ifdef __GNUC__
+#define CV_PARSE_ERROR( errmsg )                                    \
+    icvParseError( fs, __func__, (errmsg), __FILE__, __LINE__ )
+#else
+#define CV_PARSE_ERROR( errmsg )                                    \
+    icvParseError( fs, "", (errmsg), __FILE__, __LINE__ )
+#endif
+
+static void
+icvParseError( CvFileStorage* fs, const char* func_name,
+               const char* err_msg, const char* source_file, int source_line )
+{
+    char buf[1<<10];
+    sprintf( buf, "%s(%d): %s", fs->filename, fs->lineno, err_msg );
+    cvError( CV_StsParseError, func_name, buf, source_file, source_line );
+}
+
+
+static void
+icvFSCreateCollection( CvFileStorage* fs, int tag, CvFileNode* collection )
+{
+    if( CV_NODE_IS_MAP(tag) )
+    {
+        if( collection->tag != CV_NODE_NONE )
+        {
+            assert( fs->is_xml != 0 );
+            CV_PARSE_ERROR( "Sequence element should not have name (use <_></_>)" );
+        }
+
+        collection->data.map = cvCreateMap( 0, sizeof(CvFileNodeHash),
+                            sizeof(CvFileMapNode), fs->memstorage, 16 );
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        CvSeq* seq;
+        seq = cvCreateSeq( 0, sizeof(CvSeq), sizeof(CvFileNode), fs->memstorage );
+
+        // if <collection> contains some scalar element, add it to the newly created collection
+        if( CV_NODE_TYPE(collection->tag) != CV_NODE_NONE )
+            cvSeqPush( seq, collection );
+
+        collection->data.seq = seq;
+    }
+
+    collection->tag = tag;
+    cvSetSeqBlockSize( collection->data.seq, 8 );
+}
+
+
+/*static void
+icvFSReleaseCollection( CvSeq* seq )
+{
+    if( seq )
+    {
+        int is_map = CV_IS_SET(seq);
+        CvSeqReader reader;
+        int i, total = seq->total;
+        cvStartReadSeq( seq, &reader, 0 );
+
+        for( i = 0; i < total; i++ )
+        {
+            CvFileNode* node = (CvFileNode*)reader.ptr;
+
+            if( (!is_map || CV_IS_SET_ELEM( node )) && CV_NODE_IS_COLLECTION(node->tag) )
+            {
+                if( CV_NODE_IS_USER(node->tag) && node->info && node->data.obj.decoded )
+                    cvRelease( (void**)&node->data.obj.decoded );
+                if( !CV_NODE_SEQ_IS_SIMPLE( node->data.seq ))
+                    icvFSReleaseCollection( node->data.seq );
+            }
+            CV_NEXT_SEQ_ELEM( seq->elem_size, reader );
+        }
+    }
+}*/
+
+
+static char*
+icvFSDoResize( CvFileStorage* fs, char* ptr, int len )
+{
+    char* new_ptr = 0;
+    int written_len = (int)(ptr - fs->buffer_start);
+    int new_size = (int)((fs->buffer_end - fs->buffer_start)*3/2);
+    new_size = MAX( written_len + len, new_size );
+    new_ptr = (char*)cvAlloc( new_size + 256 );
+    fs->buffer = new_ptr + (fs->buffer - fs->buffer_start);
+    if( written_len > 0 )
+        memcpy( new_ptr, fs->buffer_start, written_len );
+    fs->buffer_start = new_ptr;
+    fs->buffer_end = fs->buffer_start + new_size;
+    new_ptr += written_len;
+    return new_ptr;
+}
+
+
+inline char* icvFSResizeWriteBuffer( CvFileStorage* fs, char* ptr, int len )
+{
+    return ptr + len < fs->buffer_end ? ptr : icvFSDoResize( fs, ptr, len );
+}
+
+
+static char*
+icvFSFlush( CvFileStorage* fs )
+{
+    char* ptr = fs->buffer;
+    int indent;
+
+    if( ptr > fs->buffer_start + fs->space )
+    {
+        ptr[0] = '\n';
+        ptr[1] = '\0';
+        icvPuts( fs, fs->buffer_start );
+        fs->buffer = fs->buffer_start;
+    }
+
+    indent = fs->struct_indent;
+
+    if( fs->space != indent )
+    {
+        if( fs->space < indent )
+            memset( fs->buffer_start + fs->space, ' ', indent - fs->space );
+        fs->space = indent;
+    }
+
+    ptr = fs->buffer = fs->buffer_start + fs->space;
+
+    return ptr;
+}
+
+
+/* closes file storage and deallocates buffers */
+CV_IMPL  void
+cvReleaseFileStorage( CvFileStorage** p_fs )
+{
+    if( !p_fs )
+        CV_Error( CV_StsNullPtr, "NULL double pointer to file storage" );
+
+    if( *p_fs )
+    {
+        CvFileStorage* fs = *p_fs;
+        *p_fs = 0;
+
+        if( fs->write_mode && (fs->file || fs->gzfile) )
+        {
+            if( fs->write_stack )
+            {
+                while( fs->write_stack->total > 0 )
+                    cvEndWriteStruct(fs);
+            }
+            icvFSFlush(fs);
+            if( fs->is_xml )
+                icvPuts( fs, "</opencv_storage>\n" );
+        }
+
+        //icvFSReleaseCollection( fs->roots ); // delete all the user types recursively
+
+        icvClose(fs);
+
+        cvReleaseMemStorage( &fs->strstorage );
+
+        cvFree( &fs->buffer_start );
+        cvReleaseMemStorage( &fs->memstorage );
+
+        memset( fs, 0, sizeof(*fs) );
+        cvFree( &fs );
+    }
+}
+
+
+#define CV_HASHVAL_SCALE 33
+
+CV_IMPL CvStringHashNode*
+cvGetHashedKey( CvFileStorage* fs, const char* str, int len, int create_missing )
+{
+    CvStringHashNode* node = 0;
+    unsigned hashval = 0;
+    int i, tab_size;
+    CvStringHash* map = fs->str_hash;
+
+    if( !fs )
+        return 0;
+
+    if( len < 0 )
+    {
+        for( i = 0; str[i] != '\0'; i++ )
+            hashval = hashval*CV_HASHVAL_SCALE + (unsigned char)str[i];
+        len = i;
+    }
+    else for( i = 0; i < len; i++ )
+        hashval = hashval*CV_HASHVAL_SCALE + (unsigned char)str[i];
+
+    hashval &= INT_MAX;
+    tab_size = map->tab_size;
+    if( (tab_size & (tab_size - 1)) == 0 )
+        i = (int)(hashval & (tab_size - 1));
+    else
+        i = (int)(hashval % tab_size);
+
+    for( node = (CvStringHashNode*)(map->table[i]); node != 0; node = node->next )
+    {
+        if( node->hashval == hashval &&
+            node->str.len == len &&
+            memcmp( node->str.ptr, str, len ) == 0 )
+            break;
+    }
+
+    if( !node && create_missing )
+    {
+        node = (CvStringHashNode*)cvSetNew( (CvSet*)map );
+        node->hashval = hashval;
+        node->str = cvMemStorageAllocString( map->storage, str, len );
+        node->next = (CvStringHashNode*)(map->table[i]);
+        map->table[i] = node;
+    }
+
+    return node;
+}
+
+
+CV_IMPL CvFileNode*
+cvGetFileNode( CvFileStorage* fs, CvFileNode* _map_node,
+               const CvStringHashNode* key,
+               int create_missing )
+{
+    CvFileNode* value = 0;
+    int k = 0, attempts = 1;
+
+    if( !fs )
+        return 0;
+
+    CV_CHECK_FILE_STORAGE(fs);
+
+    if( !key )
+        CV_Error( CV_StsNullPtr, "Null key element" );
+
+    if( _map_node )
+    {
+        if( !fs->roots )
+            return 0;
+        attempts = fs->roots->total;
+    }
+
+    for( k = 0; k < attempts; k++ )
+    {
+        int i, tab_size;
+        CvFileNode* map_node = _map_node;
+        CvFileMapNode* another;
+        CvFileNodeHash* map;
+
+        if( !map_node )
+            map_node = (CvFileNode*)cvGetSeqElem( fs->roots, k );
+
+        if( !CV_NODE_IS_MAP(map_node->tag) )
+        {
+            if( (!CV_NODE_IS_SEQ(map_node->tag) || map_node->data.seq->total != 0) &&
+                CV_NODE_TYPE(map_node->tag) != CV_NODE_NONE )
+                CV_Error( CV_StsError, "The node is neither a map nor an empty collection" );
+            return 0;
+        }
+
+        map = map_node->data.map;
+        tab_size = map->tab_size;
+
+        if( (tab_size & (tab_size - 1)) == 0 )
+            i = (int)(key->hashval & (tab_size - 1));
+        else
+            i = (int)(key->hashval % tab_size);
+
+        for( another = (CvFileMapNode*)(map->table[i]); another != 0; another = another->next )
+            if( another->key == key )
+            {
+                if( !create_missing )
+                {
+                    value = &another->value;
+                    return value;
+                }
+                CV_PARSE_ERROR( "Duplicated key" );
+            }
+
+        if( k == attempts - 1 && create_missing )
+        {
+            CvFileMapNode* node = (CvFileMapNode*)cvSetNew( (CvSet*)map );
+            node->key = key;
+
+            node->next = (CvFileMapNode*)(map->table[i]);
+            map->table[i] = node;
+            value = (CvFileNode*)node;
+        }
+    }
+
+    return value;
+}
+
+
+CV_IMPL CvFileNode*
+cvGetFileNodeByName( const CvFileStorage* fs, const CvFileNode* _map_node, const char* str )
+{
+    CvFileNode* value = 0;
+    int i, len, tab_size;
+    unsigned hashval = 0;
+    int k = 0, attempts = 1;
+
+    if( !fs )
+        return 0;
+
+    CV_CHECK_FILE_STORAGE(fs);
+
+    if( !str )
+        CV_Error( CV_StsNullPtr, "Null element name" );
+
+    for( i = 0; str[i] != '\0'; i++ )
+        hashval = hashval*CV_HASHVAL_SCALE + (unsigned char)str[i];
+    hashval &= INT_MAX;
+    len = i;
+
+    if( !_map_node )
+    {
+        if( !fs->roots )
+            return 0;
+        attempts = fs->roots->total;
+    }
+
+    for( k = 0; k < attempts; k++ )
+    {
+        CvFileNodeHash* map;
+        const CvFileNode* map_node = _map_node;
+        CvFileMapNode* another;
+
+        if( !map_node )
+            map_node = (CvFileNode*)cvGetSeqElem( fs->roots, k );
+
+        if( !CV_NODE_IS_MAP(map_node->tag) )
+        {
+            if( (!CV_NODE_IS_SEQ(map_node->tag) || map_node->data.seq->total != 0) &&
+                CV_NODE_TYPE(map_node->tag) != CV_NODE_NONE )
+                CV_Error( CV_StsError, "The node is neither a map nor an empty collection" );
+            return 0;
+        }
+
+        map = map_node->data.map;
+        tab_size = map->tab_size;
+
+        if( (tab_size & (tab_size - 1)) == 0 )
+            i = (int)(hashval & (tab_size - 1));
+        else
+            i = (int)(hashval % tab_size);
+
+        for( another = (CvFileMapNode*)(map->table[i]); another != 0; another = another->next )
+        {
+            const CvStringHashNode* key = another->key;
+
+            if( key->hashval == hashval &&
+                key->str.len == len &&
+                memcmp( key->str.ptr, str, len ) == 0 )
+            {
+                value = &another->value;
+                return value;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    return value;
+}
+
+
+CV_IMPL CvFileNode*
+cvGetRootFileNode( const CvFileStorage* fs, int stream_index )
+{
+    CV_CHECK_FILE_STORAGE(fs);
+
+    if( !fs->roots || (unsigned)stream_index >= (unsigned)fs->roots->total )
+        return 0;
+
+    return (CvFileNode*)cvGetSeqElem( fs->roots, stream_index );
+}
+
+
+/* returns the sequence element by its index */
+/*CV_IMPL CvFileNode*
+cvGetFileNodeFromSeq( CvFileStorage* fs,
+                      CvFileNode* seq_node, int index )
+{
+    CvFileNode* value = 0;
+    CvSeq* seq;
+
+    if( !seq_node )
+        seq = fs->roots;
+    else if( !CV_NODE_IS_SEQ(seq_node->tag) )
+    {
+        if( CV_NODE_IS_MAP(seq_node->tag) )
+            CV_Error( CV_StsError, "The node is map. Use cvGetFileNodeFromMap()." );
+        if( CV_NODE_TYPE(seq_node->tag) == CV_NODE_NONE )
+            CV_Error( CV_StsError, "The node is an empty object (None)." );
+        if( index != 0 && index != -1 )
+            CV_Error( CV_StsOutOfRange, "" );
+        value = seq_node;
+        EXIT;
+    }
+    else
+        seq = seq_node->data.seq;
+
+    if( !seq )
+        CV_Error( CV_StsNullPtr, "The file storage is empty" );
+
+    value = (CvFileNode*)cvGetSeqElem( seq, index, 0 );
+
+    
+
+    return value;
+}*/
+
+
+static char*
+icvDoubleToString( char* buf, double value )
+{
+    Cv64suf val;
+    unsigned ieee754_hi;
+
+    val.f = value;
+    ieee754_hi = (unsigned)(val.u >> 32);
+
+    if( (ieee754_hi & 0x7ff00000) != 0x7ff00000 )
+    {
+        int ivalue = cvRound(value);
+        if( ivalue == value )
+            sprintf( buf, "%d.", ivalue );
+        else
+        {
+            static const char* fmt[] = {"%.16e", "%.16f"};
+            double avalue = fabs(value);
+            char* ptr = buf;
+            sprintf( buf, fmt[0.01 <= avalue && avalue < 1000], value );
+            if( *ptr == '+' || *ptr == '-' )
+                ptr++;
+            for( ; isdigit(*ptr); ptr++ )
+                ;
+            if( *ptr == ',' )
+                *ptr = '.';
+        }
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        unsigned ieee754_lo = (unsigned)val.u;
+        if( (ieee754_hi & 0x7fffffff) + (ieee754_lo != 0) > 0x7ff00000 )
+            strcpy( buf, ".Nan" );
+        else
+            strcpy( buf, (int)ieee754_hi < 0 ? "-.Inf" : ".Inf" );
+    }
+
+    return buf;
+}
+
+
+static char*
+icvFloatToString( char* buf, float value )
+{
+    Cv32suf val;
+    unsigned ieee754;
+    val.f = value;
+    ieee754 = val.u;
+
+    if( (ieee754 & 0x7f800000) != 0x7f800000 )
+    {
+        int ivalue = cvRound(value);
+        if( ivalue == value )
+            sprintf( buf, "%d.", ivalue );
+        else
+        {
+            static const char* fmt[] = {"%.8e", "%.8f"};
+            double avalue = fabs((double)value);
+            char* ptr = buf;
+            sprintf( buf, fmt[0.01 <= avalue && avalue < 1000], value );
+            if( *ptr == '+' || *ptr == '-' )
+                ptr++;
+            for( ; isdigit(*ptr); ptr++ )
+                ;
+            if( *ptr == ',' )
+                *ptr = '.';
+        }
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        if( (ieee754 & 0x7fffffff) != 0x7f800000 )
+            strcpy( buf, ".Nan" );
+        else
+            strcpy( buf, (int)ieee754 < 0 ? "-.Inf" : ".Inf" );
+    }
+
+    return buf;
+}
+
+
+static void
+icvProcessSpecialDouble( CvFileStorage* fs, char* buf, double* value, char** endptr )
+{
+    char c = buf[0];
+    int inf_hi = 0x7ff00000;
+
+    if( c == '-' || c == '+' )
+    {
+        inf_hi = c == '-' ? 0xfff00000 : 0x7ff00000;
+        c = *++buf;
+    }
+
+    if( c != '.' )
+        CV_PARSE_ERROR( "Bad format of floating-point constant" );
+
+    if( toupper(buf[1]) == 'I' && toupper(buf[2]) == 'N' && toupper(buf[3]) == 'F' )
+        *(uint64*)value = ((uint64)inf_hi << 32);
+    else if( toupper(buf[1]) == 'N' && toupper(buf[2]) == 'A' && toupper(buf[3]) == 'N' )
+        *(uint64*)value = (uint64)-1;
+    else
+        CV_PARSE_ERROR( "Bad format of floating-point constant" );
+
+    *endptr = buf + 4;
+}
+
+
+static double icv_strtod( CvFileStorage* fs, char* ptr, char** endptr )
+{
+    double fval = strtod( ptr, endptr );
+    if( **endptr == '.' )
+    {
+        char* dot_pos = *endptr;
+        *dot_pos = ',';
+        double fval2 = strtod( ptr, endptr );
+        *dot_pos = '.';
+        if( *endptr > dot_pos )
+            fval = fval2;
+        else
+            *endptr = dot_pos;
+    }
+
+    if( *endptr == ptr || isalpha(**endptr) )
+        icvProcessSpecialDouble( fs, ptr, &fval, endptr );
+
+    return fval;
+}
+
+
+/****************************************************************************************\
+*                                       YAML Parser                                      *
+\****************************************************************************************/
+
+static char*
+icvYMLSkipSpaces( CvFileStorage* fs, char* ptr, int min_indent, int max_comment_indent )
+{
+    for(;;)
+    {
+        while( *ptr == ' ' )
+            ptr++;
+        if( *ptr == '#' )
+        {
+            if( ptr - fs->buffer_start > max_comment_indent )
+                return ptr;
+            *ptr = '\0';
+        }
+        else if( cv_isprint(*ptr) )
+        {
+            if( ptr - fs->buffer_start < min_indent )
+                CV_PARSE_ERROR( "Incorrect indentation" );
+            break;
+        }
+        else if( *ptr == '\0' || *ptr == '\n' || *ptr == '\r' )
+        {
+            int max_size = (int)(fs->buffer_end - fs->buffer_start);
+            ptr = icvGets( fs, fs->buffer_start, max_size );
+            if( !ptr )
+            {
+                // emulate end of stream
+                ptr = fs->buffer_start;
+                ptr[0] = ptr[1] = ptr[2] = '.';
+                ptr[3] = '\0';
+                fs->dummy_eof = 1;
+                break;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                int l = (int)strlen(ptr);
+                if( ptr[l-1] != '\n' && ptr[l-1] != '\r' && !icvEof(fs) )
+                    CV_PARSE_ERROR( "Too long string or a last string w/o newline" );
+            }
+
+            fs->lineno++;
+        }
+        else
+            CV_PARSE_ERROR( *ptr == '\t' ? "Tabs are prohibited in YAML!" : "Invalid character" );
+    }
+
+    return ptr;
+}
+
+
+static char*
+icvYMLParseKey( CvFileStorage* fs, char* ptr,
+                CvFileNode* map_node, CvFileNode** value_placeholder )
+{
+    char c;
+    char *endptr = ptr - 1, *saveptr;
+    CvStringHashNode* str_hash_node;
+
+    if( *ptr == '-' )
+        CV_PARSE_ERROR( "Key may not start with \'-\'" );
+
+    do c = *++endptr;
+    while( cv_isprint(c) && c != ':' );
+
+    if( c != ':' )
+        CV_PARSE_ERROR( "Missing \':\'" );
+
+    saveptr = endptr + 1;
+    do c = *--endptr;
+    while( c == ' ' );
+
+    ++endptr;
+    if( endptr == ptr )
+        CV_PARSE_ERROR( "An empty key" );
+
+    str_hash_node = cvGetHashedKey( fs, ptr, (int)(endptr - ptr), 1 );
+    *value_placeholder = cvGetFileNode( fs, map_node, str_hash_node, 1 );
+    ptr = saveptr;
+
+    return ptr;
+}
+
+
+static char*
+icvYMLParseValue( CvFileStorage* fs, char* ptr, CvFileNode* node,
+                  int parent_flags, int min_indent )
+{
+    char buf[CV_FS_MAX_LEN + 1024];
+    char* endptr = 0;
+    char c = ptr[0], d = ptr[1];
+    int is_parent_flow = CV_NODE_IS_FLOW(parent_flags);
+    int value_type = CV_NODE_NONE;
+    int len;
+
+    memset( node, 0, sizeof(*node) );
+
+    if( c == '!' ) // handle explicit type specification
+    {
+        if( d == '!' || d == '^' )
+        {
+            ptr++;
+            value_type |= CV_NODE_USER;
+        }
+
+        endptr = ptr++;
+        do d = *++endptr;
+        while( cv_isprint(d) && d != ' ' );
+        len = (int)(endptr - ptr);
+        if( len == 0 )
+            CV_PARSE_ERROR( "Empty type name" );
+        d = *endptr;
+        *endptr = '\0';
+
+        if( len == 3 && !CV_NODE_IS_USER(value_type) )
+        {
+            if( memcmp( ptr, "str", 3 ) == 0 )
+                value_type = CV_NODE_STRING;
+            else if( memcmp( ptr, "int", 3 ) == 0 )
+                value_type = CV_NODE_INT;
+            else if( memcmp( ptr, "seq", 3 ) == 0 )
+                value_type = CV_NODE_SEQ;
+            else if( memcmp( ptr, "map", 3 ) == 0 )
+                value_type = CV_NODE_MAP;
+        }
+        else if( len == 5 && !CV_NODE_IS_USER(value_type) )
+        {
+            if( memcmp( ptr, "float", 5 ) == 0 )
+                value_type = CV_NODE_REAL;
+        }
+        else if( CV_NODE_IS_USER(value_type) )
+        {
+            node->info = cvFindType( ptr );
+            if( !node->info )
+                node->tag &= ~CV_NODE_USER;
+        }
+
+        *endptr = d;
+        ptr = icvYMLSkipSpaces( fs, endptr, min_indent, INT_MAX );
+
+        c = *ptr;
+
+        if( !CV_NODE_IS_USER(value_type) )
+        {
+            if( value_type == CV_NODE_STRING && c != '\'' && c != '\"' )
+                goto force_string;
+            if( value_type == CV_NODE_INT )
+                goto force_int;
+            if( value_type == CV_NODE_REAL )
+                goto force_real;
+        }
+    }
+
+    if( isdigit(c) ||
+        ((c == '-' || c == '+') && (isdigit(d) || d == '.')) ||
+        (c == '.' && isalnum(d))) // a number
+    {
+        double fval;
+        int ival;
+        endptr = ptr + (c == '-' || c == '+');
+        while( isdigit(*endptr) )
+            endptr++;
+        if( *endptr == '.' || *endptr == 'e' )
+        {
+force_real:
+            fval = icv_strtod( fs, ptr, &endptr );
+            /*if( endptr == ptr || isalpha(*endptr) )
+                icvProcessSpecialDouble( fs, endptr, &fval, &endptr ));*/
+
+            node->tag = CV_NODE_REAL;
+            node->data.f = fval;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+force_int:
+            ival = (int)strtol( ptr, &endptr, 0 );
+            node->tag = CV_NODE_INT;
+            node->data.i = ival;
+        }
+
+        if( !endptr || endptr == ptr )
+            CV_PARSE_ERROR( "Invalid numeric value (inconsistent explicit type specification?)" );
+
+        ptr = endptr;
+    }
+    else if( c == '\'' || c == '\"' ) // an explicit string
+    {
+        node->tag = CV_NODE_STRING;
+        if( c == '\'' )
+            for( len = 0; len < CV_FS_MAX_LEN; )
+            {
+                c = *++ptr;
+                if( isalnum(c) || (c != '\'' && cv_isprint(c)))
+                    buf[len++] = c;
+                else if( c == '\'' )
+                {
+                    c = *++ptr;
+                    if( c != '\'' )
+                        break;
+                    buf[len++] = c;
+                }
+                else
+                    CV_PARSE_ERROR( "Invalid character" );
+            }
+        else
+            for( len = 0; len < CV_FS_MAX_LEN; )
+            {
+                c = *++ptr;
+                if( isalnum(c) || (c != '\\' && c != '\"' && cv_isprint(c)))
+                    buf[len++] = c;
+                else if( c == '\"' )
+                {
+                    ++ptr;
+                    break;
+                }
+                else if( c == '\\' )
+                {
+                    d = *++ptr;
+                    if( d == '\'' )
+                        buf[len++] = d;
+                    else if( d == '\"' || d == '\\' || d == '\'' )
+                        buf[len++] = d;
+                    else if( d == 'n' )
+                        buf[len++] = '\n';
+                    else if( d == 'r' )
+                        buf[len++] = '\r';
+                    else if( d == 't' )
+                        buf[len++] = '\t';
+                    else if( d == 'x' || (isdigit(d) && d < '8') )
+                    {
+                        int val, is_hex = d == 'x';
+                        c = ptr[3];
+                        ptr[3] = '\0';
+                        val = strtol( ptr + is_hex, &endptr, is_hex ? 8 : 16 );
+                        ptr[3] = c;
+                        if( endptr == ptr + is_hex )
+                            buf[len++] = 'x';
+                        else
+                        {
+                            buf[len++] = (char)val;
+                            ptr = endptr;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                else
+                    CV_PARSE_ERROR( "Invalid character" );
+            }
+
+        if( len >= CV_FS_MAX_LEN )
+            CV_PARSE_ERROR( "Too long string literal" );
+
+        node->data.str = cvMemStorageAllocString( fs->memstorage, buf, len );
+    }
+    else if( c == '[' || c == '{' ) // collection as a flow
+    {
+        int new_min_indent = min_indent + !is_parent_flow;
+        int struct_flags = CV_NODE_FLOW + (c == '{' ? CV_NODE_MAP : CV_NODE_SEQ);
+        int is_simple = 1;
+
+        icvFSCreateCollection( fs, CV_NODE_TYPE(struct_flags) +
+                                        (node->info ? CV_NODE_USER : 0), node );
+
+        d = c == '[' ? ']' : '}';
+
+        for( ++ptr ;;)
+        {
+            CvFileNode* elem = 0;
+
+            ptr = icvYMLSkipSpaces( fs, ptr, new_min_indent, INT_MAX );
+            if( *ptr == '}' || *ptr == ']' )
+            {
+                if( *ptr != d )
+                    CV_PARSE_ERROR( "The wrong closing bracket" );
+                ptr++;
+                break;
+            }
+
+            if( node->data.seq->total != 0 )
+            {
+                if( *ptr != ',' )
+                    CV_PARSE_ERROR( "Missing , between the elements" );
+                ptr = icvYMLSkipSpaces( fs, ptr + 1, new_min_indent, INT_MAX );
+            }
+
+            if( CV_NODE_IS_MAP(struct_flags) )
+            {
+                ptr = icvYMLParseKey( fs, ptr, node, &elem );
+                ptr = icvYMLSkipSpaces( fs, ptr, new_min_indent, INT_MAX );
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                if( *ptr == ']' )
+                    break;
+                elem = (CvFileNode*)cvSeqPush( node->data.seq, 0 );
+            }
+            ptr = icvYMLParseValue( fs, ptr, elem, struct_flags, new_min_indent );
+            if( CV_NODE_IS_MAP(struct_flags) )
+                elem->tag |= CV_NODE_NAMED;
+            is_simple &= !CV_NODE_IS_COLLECTION(elem->tag);
+        }
+        node->data.seq->flags |= is_simple ? CV_NODE_SEQ_SIMPLE : 0;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        int indent, struct_flags, is_simple;
+
+        if( is_parent_flow || c != '-' )
+        {
+            // implicit (one-line) string or nested block-style collection
+            if( !is_parent_flow )
+            {
+                if( c == '?' )
+                    CV_PARSE_ERROR( "Complex keys are not supported" );
+                if( c == '|' || c == '>' )
+                    CV_PARSE_ERROR( "Multi-line text literals are not supported" );
+            }
+
+force_string:
+            endptr = ptr - 1;
+
+            do c = *++endptr;
+            while( cv_isprint(c) &&
+                   (!is_parent_flow || (c != ',' && c != '}' && c != ']')) &&
+                   (is_parent_flow || c != ':' || value_type == CV_NODE_STRING));
+
+            if( endptr == ptr )
+                CV_PARSE_ERROR( "Invalid character" );
+
+            if( is_parent_flow || c != ':' )
+            {
+                char* str_end = endptr;
+                node->tag = CV_NODE_STRING;
+                // strip spaces in the end of string
+                do c = *--str_end;
+                while( str_end > ptr && c == ' ' );
+                str_end++;
+                node->data.str = cvMemStorageAllocString( fs->memstorage, ptr, (int)(str_end - ptr) );
+                ptr = endptr;
+                return ptr;
+            }
+            struct_flags = CV_NODE_MAP;
+        }
+        else
+            struct_flags = CV_NODE_SEQ;
+
+        icvFSCreateCollection( fs, struct_flags +
+                    (node->info ? CV_NODE_USER : 0), node );
+
+        indent = (int)(ptr - fs->buffer_start);
+        is_simple = 1;
+
+        for(;;)
+        {
+            CvFileNode* elem = 0;
+
+            if( CV_NODE_IS_MAP(struct_flags) )
+            {
+                ptr = icvYMLParseKey( fs, ptr, node, &elem );
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                c = *ptr++;
+                if( c != '-' )
+                    CV_PARSE_ERROR( "Block sequence elements must be preceded with \'-\'" );
+
+                elem = (CvFileNode*)cvSeqPush( node->data.seq, 0 );
+            }
+
+            ptr = icvYMLSkipSpaces( fs, ptr, indent + 1, INT_MAX );
+            ptr = icvYMLParseValue( fs, ptr, elem, struct_flags, indent + 1 );
+            if( CV_NODE_IS_MAP(struct_flags) )
+                elem->tag |= CV_NODE_NAMED;
+            is_simple &= !CV_NODE_IS_COLLECTION(elem->tag);
+
+            ptr = icvYMLSkipSpaces( fs, ptr, 0, INT_MAX );
+            if( ptr - fs->buffer_start != indent )
+            {
+                if( ptr - fs->buffer_start < indent )
+                    break;
+                else
+                    CV_PARSE_ERROR( "Incorrect indentation" );
+            }
+            if( memcmp( ptr, "...", 3 ) == 0 )
+                break;
+        }
+
+        node->data.seq->flags |= is_simple ? CV_NODE_SEQ_SIMPLE : 0;
+    }
+
+    return ptr;
+}
+
+
+static void
+icvYMLParse( CvFileStorage* fs )
+{
+    char* ptr = fs->buffer_start;
+    int is_first = 1;
+
+    for(;;)
+    {
+        // 0. skip leading comments and directives  and ...
+        // 1. reach the first item
+        for(;;)
+        {
+            ptr = icvYMLSkipSpaces( fs, ptr, 0, INT_MAX );
+            if( !ptr )
+                return;
+
+            if( *ptr == '%' )
+            {
+                if( memcmp( ptr, "%YAML:", 6 ) == 0 &&
+                    memcmp( ptr, "%YAML:1.", 8 ) != 0 )
+                    CV_PARSE_ERROR( "Unsupported YAML version (it must be 1.x)" );
+                *ptr = '\0';
+            }
+            else if( *ptr == '-' )
+            {
+                if( memcmp(ptr, "---", 3) == 0 )
+                {
+                    ptr += 3;
+                    break;
+                }
+                else if( is_first )
+                    break;
+            }
+            else if( isalnum(*ptr) || *ptr=='_')
+            {
+                if( !is_first )
+                    CV_PARSE_ERROR( "The YAML streams must start with '---', except the first one" );
+                break;
+            }
+            else
+                CV_PARSE_ERROR( "Invalid or unsupported syntax" );
+        }
+
+        ptr = icvYMLSkipSpaces( fs, ptr, 0, INT_MAX );
+        if( memcmp( ptr, "...", 3 ) != 0 )
+        {
+            // 2. parse the collection
+            CvFileNode* root_node = (CvFileNode*)cvSeqPush( fs->roots, 0 );
+
+            ptr = icvYMLParseValue( fs, ptr, root_node, CV_NODE_NONE, 0 );
+            if( !CV_NODE_IS_COLLECTION(root_node->tag) )
+                CV_PARSE_ERROR( "Only collections as YAML streams are supported by this parser" );
+
+            // 3. parse until the end of file or next collection
+            ptr = icvYMLSkipSpaces( fs, ptr, 0, INT_MAX );
+            if( !ptr )
+                return;
+        }
+
+        if( fs->dummy_eof )
+            break;
+        ptr += 3;
+        is_first = 0;
+    }
+}
+
+
+/****************************************************************************************\
+*                                       YAML Emitter                                     *
+\****************************************************************************************/
+
+static void
+icvYMLWrite( CvFileStorage* fs, const char* key, const char* data )
+{
+    int i, keylen = 0;
+    int datalen = 0;
+    int struct_flags;
+    char* ptr;
+
+    struct_flags = fs->struct_flags;
+
+    if( key && key[0] == '\0' )
+        key = 0;
+
+    if( CV_NODE_IS_COLLECTION(struct_flags) )
+    {
+        if( (CV_NODE_IS_MAP(struct_flags) ^ (key != 0)) )
+            CV_Error( CV_StsBadArg, "An attempt to add element without a key to a map, "
+                                    "or add element with key to sequence" );
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        fs->is_first = 0;
+        struct_flags = CV_NODE_EMPTY | (key ? CV_NODE_MAP : CV_NODE_SEQ);
+    }
+
+    if( key )
+    {
+        keylen = (int)strlen(key);
+        if( keylen == 0 )
+            CV_Error( CV_StsBadArg, "The key is an empty" );
+
+        if( keylen > CV_FS_MAX_LEN )
+            CV_Error( CV_StsBadArg, "The key is too long" );
+    }
+
+    if( data )
+        datalen = (int)strlen(data);
+
+    if( CV_NODE_IS_FLOW(struct_flags) )
+    {
+        int new_offset;
+        ptr = fs->buffer;
+        if( !CV_NODE_IS_EMPTY(struct_flags) )
+            *ptr++ = ',';
+        new_offset = (int)(ptr - fs->buffer_start) + keylen + datalen;
+        if( new_offset > fs->wrap_margin && new_offset - fs->struct_indent > 10 )
+        {
+            fs->buffer = ptr;
+            ptr = icvFSFlush(fs);
+        }
+        else
+            *ptr++ = ' ';
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        ptr = icvFSFlush(fs);
+        if( !CV_NODE_IS_MAP(struct_flags) )
+        {
+            *ptr++ = '-';
+            if( data )
+                *ptr++ = ' ';
+        }
+    }
+
+    if( key )
+    {
+        if( !isalpha(key[0]) && key[0] != '_' )
+            CV_Error( CV_StsBadArg, "Key must start with a letter or _" );
+
+        ptr = icvFSResizeWriteBuffer( fs, ptr, keylen );
+
+        for( i = 0; i < keylen; i++ )
+        {
+            int c = key[i];
+
+            ptr[i] = (char)c;
+            if( !isalnum(c) && c != '-' && c != '_' && c != ' ' )
+                CV_Error( CV_StsBadArg, "Key names may only contain alphanumeric characters [a-zA-Z0-9], '-', '_' and ' '" );
+        }
+
+        ptr += keylen;
+        *ptr++ = ':';
+        if( !CV_NODE_IS_FLOW(struct_flags) && data )
+            *ptr++ = ' ';
+    }
+
+    if( data )
+    {
+        ptr = icvFSResizeWriteBuffer( fs, ptr, datalen );
+        memcpy( ptr, data, datalen );
+        ptr += datalen;
+    }
+
+    fs->buffer = ptr;
+    fs->struct_flags = struct_flags & ~CV_NODE_EMPTY;
+}
+
+
+static void
+icvYMLStartWriteStruct( CvFileStorage* fs, const char* key, int struct_flags,
+                        const char* type_name CV_DEFAULT(0))
+{
+    int parent_flags;
+    char buf[CV_FS_MAX_LEN + 1024];
+    const char* data = 0;
+
+    struct_flags = (struct_flags & (CV_NODE_TYPE_MASK|CV_NODE_FLOW)) | CV_NODE_EMPTY;
+    if( !CV_NODE_IS_COLLECTION(struct_flags))
+        CV_Error( CV_StsBadArg,
+        "Some collection type - CV_NODE_SEQ or CV_NODE_MAP, must be specified" );
+
+    if( CV_NODE_IS_FLOW(struct_flags) )
+    {
+        char c = CV_NODE_IS_MAP(struct_flags) ? '{' : '[';
+        struct_flags |= CV_NODE_FLOW;
+
+        if( type_name )
+            sprintf( buf, "!!%s %c", type_name, c );
+        else
+        {
+            buf[0] = c;
+            buf[1] = '\0';
+        }
+        data = buf;
+    }
+    else if( type_name )
+    {
+        sprintf( buf, "!!%s", type_name );
+        data = buf;
+    }
+
+    icvYMLWrite( fs, key, data );
+
+    parent_flags = fs->struct_flags;
+    cvSeqPush( fs->write_stack, &parent_flags );
+    fs->struct_flags = struct_flags;
+
+    if( !CV_NODE_IS_FLOW(parent_flags) )
+        fs->struct_indent += CV_YML_INDENT + CV_NODE_IS_FLOW(struct_flags);
+}
+
+
+static void
+icvYMLEndWriteStruct( CvFileStorage* fs )
+{
+    int parent_flags = 0, struct_flags;
+    char* ptr;
+
+    struct_flags = fs->struct_flags;
+    if( fs->write_stack->total == 0 )
+        CV_Error( CV_StsError, "EndWriteStruct w/o matching StartWriteStruct" );
+
+    cvSeqPop( fs->write_stack, &parent_flags );
+
+    if( CV_NODE_IS_FLOW(struct_flags) )
+    {
+        ptr = fs->buffer;
+        if( ptr > fs->buffer_start + fs->struct_indent && !CV_NODE_IS_EMPTY(struct_flags) )
+            *ptr++ = ' ';
+        *ptr++ = CV_NODE_IS_MAP(struct_flags) ? '}' : ']';
+        fs->buffer = ptr;
+    }
+    else if( CV_NODE_IS_EMPTY(struct_flags) )
+    {
+        ptr = icvFSFlush(fs);
+        memcpy( ptr, CV_NODE_IS_MAP(struct_flags) ? "{}" : "[]", 2 );
+        fs->buffer = ptr + 2;
+    }
+
+    if( !CV_NODE_IS_FLOW(parent_flags) )
+        fs->struct_indent -= CV_YML_INDENT + CV_NODE_IS_FLOW(struct_flags);
+    assert( fs->struct_indent >= 0 );
+
+    fs->struct_flags = parent_flags;
+}
+
+
+static void
+icvYMLStartNextStream( CvFileStorage* fs )
+{
+    if( !fs->is_first )
+    {
+        while( fs->write_stack->total > 0 )
+            icvYMLEndWriteStruct(fs);
+
+        fs->struct_indent = 0;
+        icvFSFlush(fs);
+        icvPuts( fs, "...\n" );
+        icvPuts( fs, "---\n" );
+        fs->buffer = fs->buffer_start;
+    }
+}
+
+
+static void
+icvYMLWriteInt( CvFileStorage* fs, const char* key, int value )
+{
+    char buf[128];
+    icvYMLWrite( fs, key, icv_itoa( value, buf, 10 ));
+}
+
+
+static void
+icvYMLWriteReal( CvFileStorage* fs, const char* key, double value )
+{
+    char buf[128];
+    icvYMLWrite( fs, key, icvDoubleToString( buf, value ));
+}
+
+
+static void
+icvYMLWriteString( CvFileStorage* fs, const char* key,
+                   const char* str, int quote CV_DEFAULT(0))
+{
+    char buf[CV_FS_MAX_LEN*4+16];
+    char* data = (char*)str;
+    int i, len;
+
+    if( !str )
+        CV_Error( CV_StsNullPtr, "Null string pointer" );
+
+    len = (int)strlen(str);
+    if( len > CV_FS_MAX_LEN )
+        CV_Error( CV_StsBadArg, "The written string is too long" );
+
+    if( quote || len == 0 || str[0] != str[len-1] || (str[0] != '\"' && str[0] != '\'') )
+    {
+        int need_quote = quote || len == 0;
+        data = buf;
+        *data++ = '\"';
+        for( i = 0; i < len; i++ )
+        {
+            char c = str[i];
+
+            if( !need_quote && !isalnum(c) && c != '_' && c != ' ' && c != '-' &&
+                c != '(' && c != ')' && c != '/' && c != '+' && c != ';' )
+                need_quote = 1;
+
+            if( !isalnum(c) && (!cv_isprint(c) || c == '\\' || c == '\'' || c == '\"') )
+            {
+                *data++ = '\\';
+                if( cv_isprint(c) )
+                    *data++ = c;
+                else if( c == '\n' )
+                    *data++ = 'n';
+                else if( c == '\r' )
+                    *data++ = 'r';
+                else if( c == '\t' )
+                    *data++ = 't';
+                else
+                {
+                    sprintf( data, "x%02x", c );
+                    data += 3;
+                }
+            }
+            else
+                *data++ = c;
+        }
+        if( !need_quote && (isdigit(str[0]) ||
+            str[0] == '+' || str[0] == '-' || str[0] == '.' ))
+            need_quote = 1;
+
+        if( need_quote )
+            *data++ = '\"';
+        *data++ = '\0';
+        data = buf + !need_quote;
+    }
+
+    icvYMLWrite( fs, key, data );
+}
+
+
+static void
+icvYMLWriteComment( CvFileStorage* fs, const char* comment, int eol_comment )
+{
+    int len; //, indent;
+    int multiline;
+    const char* eol;
+    char* ptr;
+
+    if( !comment )
+        CV_Error( CV_StsNullPtr, "Null comment" );
+
+    len = (int)strlen(comment);
+    eol = strchr(comment, '\n');
+    multiline = eol != 0;
+    ptr = fs->buffer;
+
+    if( !eol_comment || multiline ||
+        fs->buffer_end - ptr < len || ptr == fs->buffer_start )
+        ptr = icvFSFlush( fs );
+    else
+        *ptr++ = ' ';
+
+    while( comment )
+    {
+        *ptr++ = '#';
+        *ptr++ = ' ';
+        if( eol )
+        {
+            ptr = icvFSResizeWriteBuffer( fs, ptr, (int)(eol - comment) + 1 );
+            memcpy( ptr, comment, eol - comment + 1 );
+            fs->buffer = ptr + (eol - comment);
+            comment = eol + 1;
+            eol = strchr( comment, '\n' );
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            len = (int)strlen(comment);
+            ptr = icvFSResizeWriteBuffer( fs, ptr, len );
+            memcpy( ptr, comment, len );
+            fs->buffer = ptr + len;
+            comment = 0;
+        }
+        ptr = icvFSFlush( fs );
+    }
+}
+
+
+/****************************************************************************************\
+*                                       XML Parser                                       *
+\****************************************************************************************/
+
+#define CV_XML_INSIDE_COMMENT 1
+#define CV_XML_INSIDE_TAG 2
+#define CV_XML_INSIDE_DIRECTIVE 3
+
+static char*
+icvXMLSkipSpaces( CvFileStorage* fs, char* ptr, int mode )
+{
+    int level = 0;
+
+    for(;;)
+    {
+        char c;
+        ptr--;
+
+        if( mode == CV_XML_INSIDE_COMMENT )
+        {
+            do c = *++ptr;
+            while( cv_isprint_or_tab(c) && (c != '-' || ptr[1] != '-' || ptr[2] != '>') );
+
+            if( c == '-' )
+            {
+                assert( ptr[1] == '-' && ptr[2] == '>' );
+                mode = 0;
+                ptr += 3;
+            }
+        }
+        else if( mode == CV_XML_INSIDE_DIRECTIVE )
+        {
+            // !!!NOTE!!! This is not quite correct, but should work in most cases
+            do
+            {
+                c = *++ptr;
+                level += c == '<';
+                level -= c == '>';
+                if( level < 0 )
+                    return ptr;
+            } while( cv_isprint_or_tab(c) );
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            do c = *++ptr;
+            while( c == ' ' || c == '\t' );
+
+            if( c == '<' && ptr[1] == '!' && ptr[2] == '-' && ptr[3] == '-' )
+            {
+                if( mode != 0 )
+                    CV_PARSE_ERROR( "Comments are not allowed here" );
+                mode = CV_XML_INSIDE_COMMENT;
+                ptr += 4;
+            }
+            else if( cv_isprint(c) )
+                break;
+        }
+
+        if( !cv_isprint(*ptr) )
+        {
+            int max_size = (int)(fs->buffer_end - fs->buffer_start);
+            if( *ptr != '\0' && *ptr != '\n' && *ptr != '\r' )
+                CV_PARSE_ERROR( "Invalid character in the stream" );
+            ptr = icvGets( fs, fs->buffer_start, max_size );
+            if( !ptr )
+            {
+                ptr = fs->buffer_start;
+                *ptr = '\0';
+                fs->dummy_eof = 1;
+                break;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                int l = (int)strlen(ptr);
+                if( ptr[l-1] != '\n' && ptr[l-1] != '\r' && !icvEof(fs) )
+                    CV_PARSE_ERROR( "Too long string or a last string w/o newline" );
+            }
+            fs->lineno++;
+        }
+    }
+    return ptr;
+}
+
+
+static char*
+icvXMLParseTag( CvFileStorage* fs, char* ptr, CvStringHashNode** _tag,
+                CvAttrList** _list, int* _tag_type );
+
+static char*
+icvXMLParseValue( CvFileStorage* fs, char* ptr, CvFileNode* node,
+                  int value_type CV_DEFAULT(CV_NODE_NONE))
+{
+    CvFileNode *elem = node;
+    int have_space = 1, is_simple = 1;
+    int is_user_type = CV_NODE_IS_USER(value_type);
+    memset( node, 0, sizeof(*node) );
+
+    value_type = CV_NODE_TYPE(value_type);
+
+    for(;;)
+    {
+        char c = *ptr, d;
+        char* endptr;
+
+        if( isspace(c) || c == '\0' || (c == '<' && ptr[1] == '!' && ptr[2] == '-') )
+        {
+            ptr = icvXMLSkipSpaces( fs, ptr, 0 );
+            have_space = 1;
+            c = *ptr;
+        }
+
+        d = ptr[1];
+
+        if( c =='<' )
+        {
+            CvStringHashNode *key = 0, *key2 = 0;
+            CvAttrList* list = 0;
+            CvTypeInfo* info = 0;
+            int tag_type = 0;
+            int is_noname = 0;
+            const char* type_name = 0;
+            int elem_type = CV_NODE_NONE;
+
+            if( d == '/' )
+                break;
+
+            ptr = icvXMLParseTag( fs, ptr, &key, &list, &tag_type );
+
+            if( tag_type == CV_XML_DIRECTIVE_TAG )
+                CV_PARSE_ERROR( "Directive tags are not allowed here" );
+            if( tag_type == CV_XML_EMPTY_TAG )
+                CV_PARSE_ERROR( "Empty tags are not supported" );
+
+            assert( tag_type == CV_XML_OPENING_TAG );
+
+            type_name = list ? cvAttrValue( list, "type_id" ) : 0;
+            if( type_name )
+            {
+                if( strcmp( type_name, "str" ) == 0 )
+                    elem_type = CV_NODE_STRING;
+                else if( strcmp( type_name, "map" ) == 0 )
+                    elem_type = CV_NODE_MAP;
+                else if( strcmp( type_name, "seq" ) == 0 )
+                    elem_type = CV_NODE_SEQ;
+                else
+                {
+                    info = cvFindType( type_name );
+                    if( info )
+                        elem_type = CV_NODE_USER;
+                }
+            }
+
+            is_noname = key->str.len == 1 && key->str.ptr[0] == '_';
+            if( !CV_NODE_IS_COLLECTION(node->tag) )
+            {
+                icvFSCreateCollection( fs, is_noname ? CV_NODE_SEQ : CV_NODE_MAP, node );
+            }
+            else if( is_noname ^ CV_NODE_IS_SEQ(node->tag) )
+                CV_PARSE_ERROR( is_noname ? "Map element should have a name" :
+                              "Sequence element should not have name (use <_></_>)" );
+
+            if( is_noname )
+                elem = (CvFileNode*)cvSeqPush( node->data.seq, 0 );
+            else
+                elem = cvGetFileNode( fs, node, key, 1 );
+
+            ptr = icvXMLParseValue( fs, ptr, elem, elem_type);
+            if( !is_noname )
+                elem->tag |= CV_NODE_NAMED;
+            is_simple &= !CV_NODE_IS_COLLECTION(elem->tag);
+            elem->info = info;
+            ptr = icvXMLParseTag( fs, ptr, &key2, &list, &tag_type );
+            if( tag_type != CV_XML_CLOSING_TAG || key2 != key )
+                CV_PARSE_ERROR( "Mismatched closing tag" );
+            have_space = 1;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            if( !have_space )
+                CV_PARSE_ERROR( "There should be space between literals" );
+
+            elem = node;
+            if( node->tag != CV_NODE_NONE )
+            {
+                if( !CV_NODE_IS_COLLECTION(node->tag) )
+                    icvFSCreateCollection( fs, CV_NODE_SEQ, node );
+
+                elem = (CvFileNode*)cvSeqPush( node->data.seq, 0 );
+                elem->info = 0;
+            }
+
+            if( value_type != CV_NODE_STRING &&
+                (isdigit(c) || ((c == '-' || c == '+') &&
+                (isdigit(d) || d == '.')) || (c == '.' && isalnum(d))) ) // a number
+            {
+                double fval;
+                int ival;
+                endptr = ptr + (c == '-' || c == '+');
+                while( isdigit(*endptr) )
+                    endptr++;
+                if( *endptr == '.' || *endptr == 'e' )
+                {
+                    fval = icv_strtod( fs, ptr, &endptr );
+                    /*if( endptr == ptr || isalpha(*endptr) )
+                        icvProcessSpecialDouble( fs, ptr, &fval, &endptr ));*/
+                    elem->tag = CV_NODE_REAL;
+                    elem->data.f = fval;
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    ival = (int)strtol( ptr, &endptr, 0 );
+                    elem->tag = CV_NODE_INT;
+                    elem->data.i = ival;
+                }
+
+                if( endptr == ptr )
+                    CV_PARSE_ERROR( "Invalid numeric value (inconsistent explicit type specification?)" );
+
+                ptr = endptr;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                // string
+                char buf[CV_FS_MAX_LEN+16];
+                int i = 0, len, is_quoted = 0;
+                elem->tag = CV_NODE_STRING;
+                if( c == '\"' )
+                    is_quoted = 1;
+                else
+                    --ptr;
+
+                for( ;; )
+                {
+                    c = *++ptr;
+                    if( !isalnum(c) )
+                    {
+                        if( c == '\"' )
+                        {
+                            if( !is_quoted )
+                                CV_PARSE_ERROR( "Literal \" is not allowed within a string. Use &quot;" );
+                            ++ptr;
+                            break;
+                        }
+                        else if( !cv_isprint(c) || c == '<' || (!is_quoted && isspace(c)))
+                        {
+                            if( is_quoted )
+                                CV_PARSE_ERROR( "Closing \" is expected" );
+                            break;
+                        }
+                        else if( c == '\'' || c == '>' )
+                        {
+                            CV_PARSE_ERROR( "Literal \' or > are not allowed. Use &apos; or &gt;" );
+                        }
+                        else if( c == '&' )
+                        {
+                            if( *ptr == '#' )
+                            {
+                                int val;
+                                ptr++;
+                                val = (int)strtol( ptr, &endptr, 0 );
+                                if( (unsigned)val > (unsigned)255 ||
+                                    !endptr || *endptr != ';' )
+                                    CV_PARSE_ERROR( "Invalid numeric value in the string" );
+                                c = (char)val;
+                            }
+                            else
+                            {
+                                endptr = ptr++;
+                                do c = *++endptr;
+                                while( isalnum(c) );
+                                if( c != ';' )
+                                    CV_PARSE_ERROR( "Invalid character in the symbol entity name" );
+                                len = (int)(endptr - ptr);
+                                if( len == 2 && memcmp( ptr, "lt", len ) == 0 )
+                                    c = '<';
+                                else if( len == 2 && memcmp( ptr, "gt", len ) == 0 )
+                                    c = '>';
+                                else if( len == 3 && memcmp( ptr, "amp", len ) == 0 )
+                                    c = '&';
+                                else if( len == 4 && memcmp( ptr, "apos", len ) == 0 )
+                                    c = '\'';
+                                else if( len == 4 && memcmp( ptr, "quot", len ) == 0 )
+                                    c = '\"';
+                                else
+                                {
+                                    memcpy( buf + i, ptr-1, len + 2 );
+                                    i += len + 2;
+                                }
+                            }
+                            ptr = endptr;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    buf[i++] = c;
+                    if( i >= CV_FS_MAX_LEN )
+                        CV_PARSE_ERROR( "Too long string literal" );
+                }
+                elem->data.str = cvMemStorageAllocString( fs->memstorage, buf, i );
+            }
+
+            if( !CV_NODE_IS_COLLECTION(value_type) && value_type != CV_NODE_NONE )
+                break;
+            have_space = 0;
+        }
+    }
+
+    if( (CV_NODE_TYPE(node->tag) == CV_NODE_NONE ||
+        (CV_NODE_TYPE(node->tag) != value_type &&
+        !CV_NODE_IS_COLLECTION(node->tag))) &&
+        CV_NODE_IS_COLLECTION(value_type) )
+    {
+        icvFSCreateCollection( fs, CV_NODE_IS_MAP(value_type) ?
+                                        CV_NODE_MAP : CV_NODE_SEQ, node );
+    }
+
+    if( value_type != CV_NODE_NONE &&
+        value_type != CV_NODE_TYPE(node->tag) )
+        CV_PARSE_ERROR( "The actual type is different from the specified type" );
+
+    if( CV_NODE_IS_COLLECTION(node->tag) && is_simple )
+            node->data.seq->flags |= CV_NODE_SEQ_SIMPLE;
+
+    node->tag |= is_user_type ? CV_NODE_USER : 0;
+    return ptr;
+}
+
+
+static char*
+icvXMLParseTag( CvFileStorage* fs, char* ptr, CvStringHashNode** _tag,
+                CvAttrList** _list, int* _tag_type )
+{
+    int tag_type = 0;
+    CvStringHashNode* tagname = 0;
+    CvAttrList *first = 0, *last = 0;
+    int count = 0, max_count = 4;
+    int attr_buf_size = (max_count*2 + 1)*sizeof(char*) + sizeof(CvAttrList);
+    char* endptr;
+    char c;
+    int have_space;
+
+    if( *ptr != '<' )
+        CV_PARSE_ERROR( "Tag should start with \'<\'" );
+
+    ptr++;
+    if( isalnum(*ptr) || *ptr == '_' )
+        tag_type = CV_XML_OPENING_TAG;
+    else if( *ptr == '/' )
+    {
+        tag_type = CV_XML_CLOSING_TAG;
+        ptr++;
+    }
+    else if( *ptr == '?' )
+    {
+        tag_type = CV_XML_HEADER_TAG;
+        ptr++;
+    }
+    else if( *ptr == '!' )
+    {
+        tag_type = CV_XML_DIRECTIVE_TAG;
+        assert( ptr[1] != '-' || ptr[2] != '-' );
+        ptr++;
+    }
+    else
+        CV_PARSE_ERROR( "Unknown tag type" );
+
+    for(;;)
+    {
+        CvStringHashNode* attrname;
+
+        if( !isalpha(*ptr) && *ptr != '_' )
+            CV_PARSE_ERROR( "Name should start with a letter or underscore" );
+
+        endptr = ptr - 1;
+        do c = *++endptr;
+        while( isalnum(c) || c == '_' || c == '-' );
+
+        attrname = cvGetHashedKey( fs, ptr, (int)(endptr - ptr), 1 );
+        ptr = endptr;
+
+        if( !tagname )
+            tagname = attrname;
+        else
+        {
+            if( tag_type == CV_XML_CLOSING_TAG )
+                CV_PARSE_ERROR( "Closing tag should not contain any attributes" );
+
+            if( !last || count >= max_count )
+            {
+                CvAttrList* chunk;
+
+                chunk = (CvAttrList*)cvMemStorageAlloc( fs->memstorage, attr_buf_size );
+                memset( chunk, 0, attr_buf_size );
+                chunk->attr = (const char**)(chunk + 1);
+                count = 0;
+                if( !last )
+                    first = last = chunk;
+                else
+                    last = last->next = chunk;
+            }
+            last->attr[count*2] = attrname->str.ptr;
+        }
+
+        if( last )
+        {
+            CvFileNode stub;
+
+            if( *ptr != '=' )
+            {
+                ptr = icvXMLSkipSpaces( fs, ptr, CV_XML_INSIDE_TAG );
+                if( *ptr != '=' )
+                    CV_PARSE_ERROR( "Attribute name should be followed by \'=\'" );
+            }
+
+            c = *++ptr;
+            if( c != '\"' && c != '\'' )
+            {
+                ptr = icvXMLSkipSpaces( fs, ptr, CV_XML_INSIDE_TAG );
+                if( *ptr != '\"' && *ptr != '\'' )
+                    CV_PARSE_ERROR( "Attribute value should be put into single or double quotes" );
+            }
+
+            ptr = icvXMLParseValue( fs, ptr, &stub, CV_NODE_STRING );
+            assert( stub.tag == CV_NODE_STRING );
+            last->attr[count*2+1] = stub.data.str.ptr;
+            count++;
+        }
+
+        c = *ptr;
+        have_space = isspace(c) || c == '\0';
+
+        if( c != '>' )
+        {
+            ptr = icvXMLSkipSpaces( fs, ptr, CV_XML_INSIDE_TAG );
+            c = *ptr;
+        }
+
+        if( c == '>' )
+        {
+            if( tag_type == CV_XML_HEADER_TAG )
+                CV_PARSE_ERROR( "Invalid closing tag for <?xml ..." );
+            ptr++;
+            break;
+        }
+        else if( c == '?' && tag_type == CV_XML_HEADER_TAG )
+        {
+            if( ptr[1] != '>'  )
+                CV_PARSE_ERROR( "Invalid closing tag for <?xml ..." );
+            ptr += 2;
+            break;
+        }
+        else if( c == '/' && ptr[1] == '>' && tag_type == CV_XML_OPENING_TAG )
+        {
+            tag_type = CV_XML_EMPTY_TAG;
+            ptr += 2;
+            break;
+        }
+
+        if( !have_space )
+            CV_PARSE_ERROR( "There should be space between attributes" );
+    }
+
+    *_tag = tagname;
+    *_tag_type = tag_type;
+    *_list = first;
+
+    return ptr;
+}
+
+
+static void
+icvXMLParse( CvFileStorage* fs )
+{
+    char* ptr = fs->buffer_start;
+    CvStringHashNode *key = 0, *key2 = 0;
+    CvAttrList* list = 0;
+    int tag_type = 0;
+
+    // CV_XML_INSIDE_TAG is used to prohibit leading comments
+    ptr = icvXMLSkipSpaces( fs, ptr, CV_XML_INSIDE_TAG );
+
+    if( memcmp( ptr, "<?xml", 5 ) != 0 )
+        CV_PARSE_ERROR( "Valid XML should start with \'<?xml ...?>\'" );
+
+    ptr = icvXMLParseTag( fs, ptr, &key, &list, &tag_type );
+
+    /*{
+        const char* version = cvAttrValue( list, "version" );
+        if( version && strncmp( version, "1.", 2 ) != 0 )
+            CV_Error( CV_StsParseError, "Unsupported version of XML" );
+    }*/
+    {
+        const char* encoding = cvAttrValue( list, "encoding" );
+        if( encoding && strcmp( encoding, "ASCII" ) != 0 )
+            CV_PARSE_ERROR( "Unsupported encoding" );
+    }
+
+    while( *ptr != '\0' )
+    {
+        ptr = icvXMLSkipSpaces( fs, ptr, 0 );
+
+        if( *ptr != '\0' )
+        {
+            CvFileNode* root_node;
+            ptr = icvXMLParseTag( fs, ptr, &key, &list, &tag_type );
+            if( tag_type != CV_XML_OPENING_TAG ||
+                strcmp(key->str.ptr,"opencv_storage") != 0 )
+                CV_PARSE_ERROR( "<opencv_storage> tag is missing" );
+
+            root_node = (CvFileNode*)cvSeqPush( fs->roots, 0 );
+            ptr = icvXMLParseValue( fs, ptr, root_node, CV_NODE_NONE );
+            ptr = icvXMLParseTag( fs, ptr, &key2, &list, &tag_type );
+            if( tag_type != CV_XML_CLOSING_TAG || key != key2 )
+                CV_PARSE_ERROR( "</opencv_storage> tag is missing" );
+            ptr = icvXMLSkipSpaces( fs, ptr, 0 );
+        }
+    }
+
+    assert( fs->dummy_eof != 0 );
+}
+
+
+/****************************************************************************************\
+*                                       XML Emitter                                      *
+\****************************************************************************************/
+
+#define icvXMLFlush icvFSFlush
+
+static void
+icvXMLWriteTag( CvFileStorage* fs, const char* key, int tag_type, CvAttrList list )
+{
+    char* ptr = fs->buffer;
+    int i, len = 0;
+    int struct_flags = fs->struct_flags;
+
+    if( key && key[0] == '\0' )
+        key = 0;
+
+    if( tag_type == CV_XML_OPENING_TAG || tag_type == CV_XML_EMPTY_TAG )
+    {
+        if( CV_NODE_IS_COLLECTION(struct_flags) )
+        {
+            if( CV_NODE_IS_MAP(struct_flags) ^ (key != 0) )
+                CV_Error( CV_StsBadArg, "An attempt to add element without a key to a map, "
+                                        "or add element with key to sequence" );
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            struct_flags = CV_NODE_EMPTY + (key ? CV_NODE_MAP : CV_NODE_SEQ);
+            fs->is_first = 0;
+        }
+
+        if( !CV_NODE_IS_EMPTY(struct_flags) )
+            ptr = icvXMLFlush(fs);
+    }
+
+    if( !key )
+        key = "_";
+    else if( key[0] == '_' && key[1] == '\0' )
+        CV_Error( CV_StsBadArg, "A single _ is a reserved tag name" );
+
+    len = (int)strlen( key );
+    *ptr++ = '<';
+    if( tag_type == CV_XML_CLOSING_TAG )
+    {
+        if( list.attr )
+            CV_Error( CV_StsBadArg, "Closing tag should not include any attributes" );
+        *ptr++ = '/';
+    }
+
+    if( !isalpha(key[0]) && key[0] != '_' )
+        CV_Error( CV_StsBadArg, "Key should start with a letter or _" );
+
+    ptr = icvFSResizeWriteBuffer( fs, ptr, len );
+    for( i = 0; i < len; i++ )
+    {
+        char c = key[i];
+        if( !isalnum(c) && c != '_' && c != '-' )
+            CV_Error( CV_StsBadArg, "Key name may only contain alphanumeric characters [a-zA-Z0-9], '-' and '_'" );
+        ptr[i] = c;
+    }
+    ptr += len;
+
+    for(;;)
+    {
+        const char** attr = list.attr;
+
+        for( ; attr && attr[0] != 0; attr += 2 )
+        {
+            int len0 = (int)strlen(attr[0]);
+            int len1 = (int)strlen(attr[1]);
+
+            ptr = icvFSResizeWriteBuffer( fs, ptr, len0 + len1 + 4 );
+            *ptr++ = ' ';
+            memcpy( ptr, attr[0], len0 );
+            ptr += len0;
+            *ptr++ = '=';
+            *ptr++ = '\"';
+            memcpy( ptr, attr[1], len1 );
+            ptr += len1;
+            *ptr++ = '\"';
+        }
+        if( !list.next )
+            break;
+        list = *list.next;
+    }
+
+    if( tag_type == CV_XML_EMPTY_TAG )
+        *ptr++ = '/';
+    *ptr++ = '>';
+    fs->buffer = ptr;
+    fs->struct_flags = struct_flags & ~CV_NODE_EMPTY;
+}
+
+
+static void
+icvXMLStartWriteStruct( CvFileStorage* fs, const char* key, int struct_flags,
+                        const char* type_name CV_DEFAULT(0))
+{
+    CvXMLStackRecord parent;
+    const char* attr[10];
+    int idx = 0;
+
+    struct_flags = (struct_flags & (CV_NODE_TYPE_MASK|CV_NODE_FLOW)) | CV_NODE_EMPTY;
+    if( !CV_NODE_IS_COLLECTION(struct_flags))
+        CV_Error( CV_StsBadArg,
+        "Some collection type: CV_NODE_SEQ or CV_NODE_MAP must be specified" );
+
+    if( type_name )
+    {
+        attr[idx++] = "type_id";
+        attr[idx++] = type_name;
+    }
+    attr[idx++] = 0;
+
+    icvXMLWriteTag( fs, key, CV_XML_OPENING_TAG, cvAttrList(attr,0) );
+
+    parent.struct_flags = fs->struct_flags & ~CV_NODE_EMPTY;
+    parent.struct_indent = fs->struct_indent;
+    parent.struct_tag = fs->struct_tag;
+    cvSaveMemStoragePos( fs->strstorage, &parent.pos );
+    cvSeqPush( fs->write_stack, &parent );
+
+    fs->struct_indent += CV_XML_INDENT;
+    if( !CV_NODE_IS_FLOW(struct_flags) )
+        icvXMLFlush( fs );
+
+    fs->struct_flags = struct_flags;
+    if( key )
+    {
+        fs->struct_tag = cvMemStorageAllocString( fs->strstorage, (char*)key, -1 );
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        fs->struct_tag.ptr = 0;
+        fs->struct_tag.len = 0;
+    }
+}
+
+
+static void
+icvXMLEndWriteStruct( CvFileStorage* fs )
+{
+    CvXMLStackRecord parent;
+
+    if( fs->write_stack->total == 0 )
+        CV_Error( CV_StsError, "An extra closing tag" );
+
+    icvXMLWriteTag( fs, fs->struct_tag.ptr, CV_XML_CLOSING_TAG, cvAttrList(0,0) );
+    cvSeqPop( fs->write_stack, &parent );
+
+    fs->struct_indent = parent.struct_indent;
+    fs->struct_flags = parent.struct_flags;
+    fs->struct_tag = parent.struct_tag;
+    cvRestoreMemStoragePos( fs->strstorage, &parent.pos );
+}
+
+
+static void
+icvXMLStartNextStream( CvFileStorage* fs )
+{
+    if( !fs->is_first )
+    {
+        while( fs->write_stack->total > 0 )
+            icvXMLEndWriteStruct(fs);
+
+        fs->struct_indent = 0;
+        icvXMLFlush(fs);
+        /* XML does not allow multiple top-level elements,
+           so we just put a comment and continue
+           the current (and the only) "stream" */
+        icvPuts( fs, "\n<!-- next stream -->\n" );
+        /*fputs( "</opencv_storage>\n", fs->file );
+        fputs( "<opencv_storage>\n", fs->file );*/
+        fs->buffer = fs->buffer_start;
+    }
+}
+
+
+static void
+icvXMLWriteScalar( CvFileStorage* fs, const char* key, const char* data, int len )
+{
+    if( CV_NODE_IS_MAP(fs->struct_flags) ||
+        (!CV_NODE_IS_COLLECTION(fs->struct_flags) && key) )
+    {
+        icvXMLWriteTag( fs, key, CV_XML_OPENING_TAG, cvAttrList(0,0) );
+        char* ptr = icvFSResizeWriteBuffer( fs, fs->buffer, len );
+        memcpy( ptr, data, len );
+        fs->buffer = ptr + len;
+        icvXMLWriteTag( fs, key, CV_XML_CLOSING_TAG, cvAttrList(0,0) );
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        char* ptr = fs->buffer;
+        int new_offset = (int)(ptr - fs->buffer_start) + len;
+
+        if( key )
+            CV_Error( CV_StsBadArg, "elements with keys can not be written to sequence" );
+
+        fs->struct_flags = CV_NODE_SEQ;
+
+        if( (new_offset > fs->wrap_margin && new_offset - fs->struct_indent > 10) ||
+            (ptr > fs->buffer_start && ptr[-1] == '>' && !CV_NODE_IS_EMPTY(fs->struct_flags)) )
+        {
+            ptr = icvXMLFlush(fs);
+        }
+        else if( ptr > fs->buffer_start + fs->struct_indent && ptr[-1] != '>' )
+            *ptr++ = ' ';
+
+        memcpy( ptr, data, len );
+        fs->buffer = ptr + len;
+    }
+}
+
+
+static void
+icvXMLWriteInt( CvFileStorage* fs, const char* key, int value )
+{
+    char buf[128], *ptr = icv_itoa( value, buf, 10 );
+    int len = (int)strlen(ptr);
+    icvXMLWriteScalar( fs, key, ptr, len );
+}
+
+
+static void
+icvXMLWriteReal( CvFileStorage* fs, const char* key, double value )
+{
+    char buf[128];
+    int len = (int)strlen( icvDoubleToString( buf, value ));
+    icvXMLWriteScalar( fs, key, buf, len );
+}
+
+
+static void
+icvXMLWriteString( CvFileStorage* fs, const char* key, const char* str, int quote )
+{
+    char buf[CV_FS_MAX_LEN*6+16];
+    char* data = (char*)str;
+    int i, len;
+
+    if( !str )
+        CV_Error( CV_StsNullPtr, "Null string pointer" );
+
+    len = (int)strlen(str);
+    if( len > CV_FS_MAX_LEN )
+        CV_Error( CV_StsBadArg, "The written string is too long" );
+
+    if( quote || len == 0 || str[0] != '\"' || str[0] != str[len-1] )
+    {
+        int need_quote = quote || len == 0;
+        data = buf;
+        *data++ = '\"';
+        for( i = 0; i < len; i++ )
+        {
+            char c = str[i];
+
+            if( !isalnum(c) && (!cv_isprint(c) || c == '<' || c == '>' ||
+                c == '&' || c == '\'' || c == '\"') )
+            {
+                *data++ = '&';
+                if( c == '<' )
+                {
+                    memcpy(data, "lt", 2);
+                    data += 2;
+                }
+                else if( c == '>' )
+                {
+                    memcpy(data, "gt", 2);
+                    data += 2;
+                }
+                else if( c == '&' )
+                {
+                    memcpy(data, "amp", 3);
+                    data += 3;
+                }
+                else if( c == '\'' )
+                {
+                    memcpy(data, "apos", 4);
+                    data += 4;
+                }
+                else if( c == '\"' )
+                {
+                    memcpy( data, "quot", 4);
+                    data += 4;
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    sprintf( data, "#x%02x", c );
+                    data += 4;
+                }
+                *data++ = ';';
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                if( c == ' ' )
+                    need_quote = 1;
+                *data++ = c;
+            }
+        }
+        if( !need_quote && (isdigit(str[0]) ||
+            str[0] == '+' || str[0] == '-' || str[0] == '.' ))
+            need_quote = 1;
+
+        if( need_quote )
+            *data++ = '\"';
+        len = (int)(data - buf) - !need_quote;
+        *data++ = '\0';
+        data = buf + !need_quote;
+    }
+
+    icvXMLWriteScalar( fs, key, data, len );
+}
+
+
+static void
+icvXMLWriteComment( CvFileStorage* fs, const char* comment, int eol_comment )
+{
+    int len;
+    int multiline;
+    const char* eol;
+    char* ptr;
+
+    if( !comment )
+        CV_Error( CV_StsNullPtr, "Null comment" );
+
+    if( strstr(comment, "--") != 0 )
+        CV_Error( CV_StsBadArg, "Double hyphen \'--\' is not allowed in the comments" );
+
+    len = (int)strlen(comment);
+    eol = strchr(comment, '\n');
+    multiline = eol != 0;
+    ptr = fs->buffer;
+
+    if( multiline || !eol_comment || fs->buffer_end - ptr < len + 5 )
+        ptr = icvXMLFlush( fs );
+    else if( ptr > fs->buffer_start + fs->struct_indent )
+        *ptr++ = ' ';
+
+    if( !multiline )
+    {
+        ptr = icvFSResizeWriteBuffer( fs, ptr, len + 9 );
+        sprintf( ptr, "<!-- %s -->", comment );
+        len = (int)strlen(ptr);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        strcpy( ptr, "<!--" );
+        len = 4;
+    }
+
+    fs->buffer = ptr + len;
+    ptr = icvXMLFlush(fs);
+
+    if( multiline )
+    {
+        while( comment )
+        {
+            if( eol )
+            {
+                ptr = icvFSResizeWriteBuffer( fs, ptr, (int)(eol - comment) + 1 );
+                memcpy( ptr, comment, eol - comment + 1 );
+                ptr += eol - comment;
+                comment = eol + 1;
+                eol = strchr( comment, '\n' );
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                len = (int)strlen(comment);
+                ptr = icvFSResizeWriteBuffer( fs, ptr, len );
+                memcpy( ptr, comment, len );
+                ptr += len;
+                comment = 0;
+            }
+            fs->buffer = ptr;
+            ptr = icvXMLFlush( fs );
+        }
+        sprintf( ptr, "-->" );
+        fs->buffer = ptr + 3;
+        icvXMLFlush( fs );
+    }
+}
+
+
+/****************************************************************************************\
+*                              Common High-Level Functions                               *
+\****************************************************************************************/
+
+CV_IMPL CvFileStorage*
+cvOpenFileStorage( const char* filename, CvMemStorage* dststorage, int flags )
+{
+    CvFileStorage* fs = 0;
+    char* xml_buf = 0;
+    int default_block_size = 1 << 18;
+    bool append = (flags & 3) == CV_STORAGE_APPEND;
+    bool isGZ = false;
+
+    if( !filename )
+        CV_Error( CV_StsNullPtr, "NULL filename" );
+
+    fs = (CvFileStorage*)cvAlloc( sizeof(*fs) );
+    memset( fs, 0, sizeof(*fs));
+
+    fs->memstorage = cvCreateMemStorage( default_block_size );
+    fs->dststorage = dststorage ? dststorage : fs->memstorage;
+
+    int fnamelen = (int)strlen(filename);
+    if( !fnamelen )
+        CV_Error( CV_StsError, "Empty filename" );
+
+    fs->filename = (char*)cvMemStorageAlloc( fs->memstorage, fnamelen+1 );
+    strcpy( fs->filename, filename );
+    
+    char* dot_pos = strrchr(fs->filename, '.');
+    char compression = '\0';
+
+    if( dot_pos && dot_pos[1] == 'g' && dot_pos[2] == 'z' &&
+        (dot_pos[3] == '\0' || (isdigit(dot_pos[3]) && dot_pos[4] == '\0')) )
+    {
+        if( append )
+            CV_Error(CV_StsNotImplemented, "Appending data to compressed file is not implemented" );
+        isGZ = true;
+        compression = dot_pos[3];
+        if( compression )
+            dot_pos[3] = '\0', fnamelen--;
+    }
+
+    fs->flags = CV_FILE_STORAGE;
+    fs->write_mode = (flags & 3) != 0;
+
+    if( !isGZ )
+    {
+        fs->file = fopen(fs->filename, !fs->write_mode ? "rt" : !append ? "wt" : "a+t" );
+        if( !fs->file )
+            goto _exit_;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        char mode[] = { fs->write_mode ? 'w' : 'r', 'b', compression ? compression : '3', '\0' };
+        fs->gzfile = gzopen(fs->filename, mode);
+        if( !fs->gzfile )
+            goto _exit_;
+    }
+
+    fs->roots = 0;
+    fs->struct_indent = 0;
+    fs->struct_flags = 0;
+    fs->wrap_margin = 71;
+
+    if( fs->write_mode )
+    {
+        // we use factor=6 for XML (the longest characters (' and ") are encoded with 6 bytes (&apos; and &quot;)
+        // and factor=4 for YAML ( as we use 4 bytes for non ASCII characters (e.g. \xAB))
+        int buf_size = CV_FS_MAX_LEN*(fs->is_xml ? 6 : 4) + 1024;
+
+        dot_pos = fs->filename + fnamelen - (isGZ ? 7 : 4);
+        fs->is_xml = dot_pos > fs->filename && (memcmp( dot_pos, ".xml", 4) == 0 ||
+                      memcmp(dot_pos, ".XML", 4) == 0 || memcmp(dot_pos, ".Xml", 4) == 0);
+
+        if( append )
+            fseek( fs->file, 0, SEEK_END );
+
+        fs->write_stack = cvCreateSeq( 0, sizeof(CvSeq), fs->is_xml ?
+                sizeof(CvXMLStackRecord) : sizeof(int), fs->memstorage );
+        fs->is_first = 1;
+        fs->struct_indent = 0;
+        fs->struct_flags = CV_NODE_EMPTY;
+        fs->buffer_start = fs->buffer = (char*)cvAlloc( buf_size + 1024 );
+        fs->buffer_end = fs->buffer_start + buf_size;
+        if( fs->is_xml )
+        {
+            int file_size = fs->file ? (int)ftell( fs->file ) : 0;
+            fs->strstorage = cvCreateChildMemStorage( fs->memstorage );
+            if( !append || file_size == 0 )
+            {
+                icvPuts( fs, "<?xml version=\"1.0\"?>\n" );
+                icvPuts( fs, "<opencv_storage>\n" );
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                int xml_buf_size = 1 << 10;
+                char substr[] = "</opencv_storage>";
+                int last_occurence = -1;
+                xml_buf_size = MIN(xml_buf_size, file_size);
+                fseek( fs->file, -xml_buf_size, SEEK_END );
+                xml_buf = (char*)cvAlloc( xml_buf_size+2 );
+                // find the last occurence of </opencv_storage>
+                for(;;)
+                {
+                    int line_offset = ftell( fs->file );
+                    char* ptr0 = icvGets( fs, xml_buf, xml_buf_size ), *ptr;
+                    if( !ptr0 )
+                        break;
+                    ptr = ptr0;
+                    for(;;)
+                    {
+                        ptr = strstr( ptr, substr );
+                        if( !ptr )
+                            break;
+                        last_occurence = line_offset + (int)(ptr - ptr0);
+                        ptr += strlen(substr);
+                    }
+                }
+                if( last_occurence < 0 )
+                    CV_Error( CV_StsError, "Could not find </opencv_storage> in the end of file.\n" );
+                icvClose( fs );
+                fs->file = fopen( fs->filename, "r+t" );
+                fseek( fs->file, last_occurence, SEEK_SET );
+                // replace the last "</opencv_storage>" with " <!-- resumed -->", which has the same length
+                icvPuts( fs, " <!-- resumed -->" );
+                fseek( fs->file, 0, SEEK_END );
+                icvPuts( fs, "\n" );
+            }
+            fs->start_write_struct = icvXMLStartWriteStruct;
+            fs->end_write_struct = icvXMLEndWriteStruct;
+            fs->write_int = icvXMLWriteInt;
+            fs->write_real = icvXMLWriteReal;
+            fs->write_string = icvXMLWriteString;
+            fs->write_comment = icvXMLWriteComment;
+            fs->start_next_stream = icvXMLStartNextStream;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            if( !append )
+                icvPuts( fs, "%YAML:1.0\n" );
+            else
+                icvPuts( fs, "...\n---\n" );
+            fs->start_write_struct = icvYMLStartWriteStruct;
+            fs->end_write_struct = icvYMLEndWriteStruct;
+            fs->write_int = icvYMLWriteInt;
+            fs->write_real = icvYMLWriteReal;
+            fs->write_string = icvYMLWriteString;
+            fs->write_comment = icvYMLWriteComment;
+            fs->start_next_stream = icvYMLStartNextStream;
+        }
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        int buf_size = 1 << 20;
+        const char* yaml_signature = "%YAML:";
+        char buf[16];
+        icvGets( fs, buf, sizeof(buf)-2 );
+        fs->is_xml = strncmp( buf, yaml_signature, strlen(yaml_signature) ) != 0;
+
+        if( !isGZ )
+        {
+            fseek( fs->file, 0, SEEK_END );
+            buf_size = ftell( fs->file );
+            buf_size = MIN( buf_size, (1 << 20) );
+            buf_size = MAX( buf_size, CV_FS_MAX_LEN*2 + 1024 );
+        }
+        icvRewind(fs);
+
+        fs->str_hash = cvCreateMap( 0, sizeof(CvStringHash),
+                        sizeof(CvStringHashNode), fs->memstorage, 256 );
+
+        fs->roots = cvCreateSeq( 0, sizeof(CvSeq),
+                        sizeof(CvFileNode), fs->memstorage );
+
+        fs->buffer = fs->buffer_start = (char*)cvAlloc( buf_size + 256 );
+        fs->buffer_end = fs->buffer_start + buf_size;
+        fs->buffer[0] = '\n';
+        fs->buffer[1] = '\0';
+
+        //mode = cvGetErrMode();
+        //cvSetErrMode( CV_ErrModeSilent );
+        if( fs->is_xml )
+            icvXMLParse( fs );
+        else
+            icvYMLParse( fs );
+        //cvSetErrMode( mode );
+
+        // release resources that we do not need anymore
+        cvFree( &fs->buffer_start );
+        fs->buffer = fs->buffer_end = 0;
+    }
+_exit_:
+    if( fs )
+    {
+        if( cvGetErrStatus() < 0 || (!fs->file && !fs->gzfile) )
+        {
+            cvReleaseFileStorage( &fs );
+        }
+        else if( !fs->write_mode )
+        {
+            icvClose(fs);
+        }
+    }
+
+    cvFree( &xml_buf );
+    return  fs;
+}
+
+
+CV_IMPL void
+cvStartWriteStruct( CvFileStorage* fs, const char* key, int struct_flags,
+                    const char* type_name, CvAttrList /*attributes*/ )
+{
+    CV_CHECK_OUTPUT_FILE_STORAGE(fs);
+    fs->start_write_struct( fs, key, struct_flags, type_name );
+}
+
+
+CV_IMPL void
+cvEndWriteStruct( CvFileStorage* fs )
+{
+    CV_CHECK_OUTPUT_FILE_STORAGE(fs);
+    fs->end_write_struct( fs );
+}
+
+
+CV_IMPL void
+cvWriteInt( CvFileStorage* fs, const char* key, int value )
+{
+    CV_CHECK_OUTPUT_FILE_STORAGE(fs);
+    fs->write_int( fs, key, value );
+}
+
+
+CV_IMPL void
+cvWriteReal( CvFileStorage* fs, const char* key, double value )
+{
+    CV_CHECK_OUTPUT_FILE_STORAGE(fs);
+    fs->write_real( fs, key, value );
+}
+
+
+CV_IMPL void
+cvWriteString( CvFileStorage* fs, const char* key, const char* value, int quote )
+{
+    CV_CHECK_OUTPUT_FILE_STORAGE(fs);
+    fs->write_string( fs, key, value, quote );
+}
+
+
+CV_IMPL void
+cvWriteComment( CvFileStorage* fs, const char* comment, int eol_comment )
+{
+    CV_CHECK_OUTPUT_FILE_STORAGE(fs);
+    fs->write_comment( fs, comment, eol_comment );
+}
+
+
+CV_IMPL void
+cvStartNextStream( CvFileStorage* fs )
+{
+    CV_CHECK_OUTPUT_FILE_STORAGE(fs);
+    fs->start_next_stream( fs );
+}
+
+
+static const char icvTypeSymbol[] = "ucwsifdr";
+#define CV_FS_MAX_FMT_PAIRS  128
+
+static char*
+icvEncodeFormat( int elem_type, char* dt )
+{
+    sprintf( dt, "%d%c", CV_MAT_CN(elem_type), icvTypeSymbol[CV_MAT_DEPTH(elem_type)] );
+    return dt + ( dt[2] == '\0' && dt[0] == '1' );
+}
+
+static int
+icvDecodeFormat( const char* dt, int* fmt_pairs, int max_len )
+{
+    int fmt_pair_count = 0;
+    int i = 0, k = 0, len = dt ? (int)strlen(dt) : 0;
+
+    if( !dt || !len )
+        return 0;
+
+    assert( fmt_pairs != 0 && max_len > 0 );
+    fmt_pairs[0] = 0;
+    max_len *= 2;
+
+    for( ; k < len; k++ )
+    {
+        char c = dt[k];
+
+        if( isdigit(c) )
+        {
+            int count = c - '0';
+            if( isdigit(dt[k+1]) )
+            {
+                char* endptr = 0;
+                count = (int)strtol( dt+k, &endptr, 10 );
+                k = (int)(endptr - dt) - 1;
+            }
+
+            if( count <= 0 )
+                CV_Error( CV_StsBadArg, "Invalid data type specification" );
+
+            fmt_pairs[i] = count;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            const char* pos = strchr( icvTypeSymbol, c );
+            if( !pos )
+                CV_Error( CV_StsBadArg, "Invalid data type specification" );
+            if( fmt_pairs[i] == 0 )
+                fmt_pairs[i] = 1;
+            fmt_pairs[i+1] = (int)(pos - icvTypeSymbol);
+            if( i > 0 && fmt_pairs[i+1] == fmt_pairs[i-1] )
+                fmt_pairs[i-2] += fmt_pairs[i];
+            else
+            {
+                i += 2;
+                if( i >= max_len )
+                    CV_Error( CV_StsBadArg, "Too long data type specification" );
+            }
+            fmt_pairs[i] = 0;
+        }
+    }
+
+    fmt_pair_count = i/2;
+    return fmt_pair_count;
+}
+
+
+static int
+icvCalcElemSize( const char* dt, int initial_size )
+{
+    int size = 0;
+    int fmt_pairs[CV_FS_MAX_FMT_PAIRS], i, fmt_pair_count;
+    int comp_size;
+
+    fmt_pair_count = icvDecodeFormat( dt, fmt_pairs, CV_FS_MAX_FMT_PAIRS );
+    fmt_pair_count *= 2;
+    for( i = 0, size = initial_size; i < fmt_pair_count; i += 2 )
+    {
+        comp_size = CV_ELEM_SIZE(fmt_pairs[i+1]);
+        size = cvAlign( size, comp_size );
+        size += comp_size * fmt_pairs[i];
+    }
+    if( initial_size == 0 )
+    {
+        comp_size = CV_ELEM_SIZE(fmt_pairs[1]);
+        size = cvAlign( size, comp_size );
+    }
+    return size;
+}
+
+
+static int
+icvDecodeSimpleFormat( const char* dt )
+{
+    int elem_type = -1;
+    int fmt_pairs[CV_FS_MAX_FMT_PAIRS], fmt_pair_count;
+
+    fmt_pair_count = icvDecodeFormat( dt, fmt_pairs, CV_FS_MAX_FMT_PAIRS );
+    if( fmt_pair_count != 1 || fmt_pairs[0] > 4 )
+        CV_Error( CV_StsError, "Too complex format for the matrix" );
+
+    elem_type = CV_MAKETYPE( fmt_pairs[1], fmt_pairs[0] );
+
+    return elem_type;
+}
+
+
+CV_IMPL void
+cvWriteRawData( CvFileStorage* fs, const void* _data, int len, const char* dt )
+{
+    const char* data0 = (const char*)_data;
+    int offset = 0;
+    int fmt_pairs[CV_FS_MAX_FMT_PAIRS*2], k, fmt_pair_count;
+    char buf[256] = "";
+
+    CV_CHECK_OUTPUT_FILE_STORAGE( fs );
+
+    if( !data0 )
+        CV_Error( CV_StsNullPtr, "Null data pointer" );
+
+    if( len < 0 )
+        CV_Error( CV_StsOutOfRange, "Negative number of elements" );
+
+    fmt_pair_count = icvDecodeFormat( dt, fmt_pairs, CV_FS_MAX_FMT_PAIRS );
+
+    if( !len )
+        return;
+
+    if( fmt_pair_count == 1 )
+    {
+        fmt_pairs[0] *= len;
+        len = 1;
+    }
+
+    for(;len--;)
+    {
+        for( k = 0; k < fmt_pair_count; k++ )
+        {
+            int i, count = fmt_pairs[k*2];
+            int elem_type = fmt_pairs[k*2+1];
+            int elem_size = CV_ELEM_SIZE(elem_type);
+            const char* data, *ptr;
+
+            offset = cvAlign( offset, elem_size );
+            data = data0 + offset;
+
+            for( i = 0; i < count; i++ )
+            {
+                switch( elem_type )
+                {
+                case CV_8U:
+                    ptr = icv_itoa( *(uchar*)data, buf, 10 );
+                    data++;
+                    break;
+                case CV_8S:
+                    ptr = icv_itoa( *(char*)data, buf, 10 );
+                    data++;
+                    break;
+                case CV_16U:
+                    ptr = icv_itoa( *(ushort*)data, buf, 10 );
+                    data += sizeof(ushort);
+                    break;
+                case CV_16S:
+                    ptr = icv_itoa( *(short*)data, buf, 10 );
+                    data += sizeof(short);
+                    break;
+                case CV_32S:
+                    ptr = icv_itoa( *(int*)data, buf, 10 );
+                    data += sizeof(int);
+                    break;
+                case CV_32F:
+                    ptr = icvFloatToString( buf, *(float*)data );
+                    data += sizeof(float);
+                    break;
+                case CV_64F:
+                    ptr = icvDoubleToString( buf, *(double*)data );
+                    data += sizeof(double);
+                    break;
+                case CV_USRTYPE1: /* reference */
+                    ptr = icv_itoa( (int)*(size_t*)data, buf, 10 );
+                    data += sizeof(size_t);
+                    break;
+                default:
+                    assert(0);
+                    return;
+                }
+
+                if( fs->is_xml )
+                {
+                    int buf_len = (int)strlen(ptr);
+                    icvXMLWriteScalar( fs, 0, ptr, buf_len );
+                }
+                else
+                    icvYMLWrite( fs, 0, ptr );
+            }
+
+            offset = (int)(data - data0);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+
+CV_IMPL void
+cvStartReadRawData( const CvFileStorage* fs, const CvFileNode* src, CvSeqReader* reader )
+{
+    int node_type;
+    CV_CHECK_FILE_STORAGE( fs );
+
+    if( !src || !reader )
+        CV_Error( CV_StsNullPtr, "Null pointer to source file node or reader" );
+
+    node_type = CV_NODE_TYPE(src->tag);
+    if( node_type == CV_NODE_INT || node_type == CV_NODE_REAL )
+    {
+        // emulate reading from 1-element sequence
+        reader->ptr = (schar*)src;
+        reader->block_max = reader->ptr + sizeof(*src)*2;
+        reader->block_min = reader->ptr;
+        reader->seq = 0;
+    }
+    else if( node_type == CV_NODE_SEQ )
+    {
+        cvStartReadSeq( src->data.seq, reader, 0 );
+    }
+    else if( node_type == CV_NODE_NONE )
+    {
+        memset( reader, 0, sizeof(*reader) );
+    }
+    else
+        CV_Error( CV_StsBadArg, "The file node should be a numerical scalar or a sequence" );
+}
+
+
+CV_IMPL void
+cvReadRawDataSlice( const CvFileStorage* fs, CvSeqReader* reader,
+                    int len, void* _data, const char* dt )
+{
+    char* data0 = (char*)_data;
+    int fmt_pairs[CV_FS_MAX_FMT_PAIRS*2], k = 0, fmt_pair_count;
+    int i = 0, offset = 0, count = 0;
+
+    CV_CHECK_FILE_STORAGE( fs );
+
+    if( !reader || !data0 )
+        CV_Error( CV_StsNullPtr, "Null pointer to reader or destination array" );
+
+    if( !reader->seq && len != 1 )
+        CV_Error( CV_StsBadSize, "The readed sequence is a scalar, thus len must be 1" );
+
+    fmt_pair_count = icvDecodeFormat( dt, fmt_pairs, CV_FS_MAX_FMT_PAIRS );
+
+    for(;;)
+    {
+        for( k = 0; k < fmt_pair_count; k++ )
+        {
+            int elem_type = fmt_pairs[k*2+1];
+            int elem_size = CV_ELEM_SIZE(elem_type);
+            char* data;
+
+            count = fmt_pairs[k*2];
+            offset = cvAlign( offset, elem_size );
+            data = data0 + offset;
+
+            for( i = 0; i < count; i++ )
+            {
+                CvFileNode* node = (CvFileNode*)reader->ptr;
+                if( CV_NODE_IS_INT(node->tag) )
+                {
+                    int ival = node->data.i;
+
+                    switch( elem_type )
+                    {
+                    case CV_8U:
+                        *(uchar*)data = CV_CAST_8U(ival);
+                        data++;
+                        break;
+                    case CV_8S:
+                        *(char*)data = CV_CAST_8S(ival);
+                        data++;
+                        break;
+                    case CV_16U:
+                        *(ushort*)data = CV_CAST_16U(ival);
+                        data += sizeof(ushort);
+                        break;
+                    case CV_16S:
+                        *(short*)data = CV_CAST_16S(ival);
+                        data += sizeof(short);
+                        break;
+                    case CV_32S:
+                        *(int*)data = ival;
+                        data += sizeof(int);
+                        break;
+                    case CV_32F:
+                        *(float*)data = (float)ival;
+                        data += sizeof(float);
+                        break;
+                    case CV_64F:
+                        *(double*)data = (double)ival;
+                        data += sizeof(double);
+                        break;
+                    case CV_USRTYPE1: /* reference */
+                        *(size_t*)data = ival;
+                        data += sizeof(size_t);
+                        break;
+                    default:
+                        assert(0);
+                        return;
+                    }
+                }
+                else if( CV_NODE_IS_REAL(node->tag) )
+                {
+                    double fval = node->data.f;
+                    int ival;
+
+                    switch( elem_type )
+                    {
+                    case CV_8U:
+                        ival = cvRound(fval);
+                        *(uchar*)data = CV_CAST_8U(ival);
+                        data++;
+                        break;
+                    case CV_8S:
+                        ival = cvRound(fval);
+                        *(char*)data = CV_CAST_8S(ival);
+                        data++;
+                        break;
+                    case CV_16U:
+                        ival = cvRound(fval);
+                        *(ushort*)data = CV_CAST_16U(ival);
+                        data += sizeof(ushort);
+                        break;
+                    case CV_16S:
+                        ival = cvRound(fval);
+                        *(short*)data = CV_CAST_16S(ival);
+                        data += sizeof(short);
+                        break;
+                    case CV_32S:
+                        ival = cvRound(fval);
+                        *(int*)data = ival;
+                        data += sizeof(int);
+                        break;
+                    case CV_32F:
+                        *(float*)data = (float)fval;
+                        data += sizeof(float);
+                        break;
+                    case CV_64F:
+                        *(double*)data = fval;
+                        data += sizeof(double);
+                        break;
+                    case CV_USRTYPE1: /* reference */
+                        ival = cvRound(fval);
+                        *(size_t*)data = ival;
+                        data += sizeof(size_t);
+                        break;
+                    default:
+                        assert(0);
+                        return;
+                    }
+                }
+                else
+                    CV_Error( CV_StsError,
+                    "The sequence element is not a numerical scalar" );
+
+                CV_NEXT_SEQ_ELEM( sizeof(CvFileNode), *reader );
+                if( !--len )
+                    goto end_loop;
+            }
+
+            offset = (int)(data - data0);
+        }
+    }
+
+end_loop:
+    if( i != count - 1 || k != fmt_pair_count - 1 )
+        CV_Error( CV_StsBadSize,
+        "The sequence slice does not fit an integer number of records" );
+
+    if( !reader->seq )
+        reader->ptr -= sizeof(CvFileNode);
+}
+
+
+CV_IMPL void
+cvReadRawData( const CvFileStorage* fs, const CvFileNode* src,
+               void* data, const char* dt )
+{
+    CvSeqReader reader;
+
+    if( !src || !data )
+        CV_Error( CV_StsNullPtr, "Null pointers to source file node or destination array" );
+
+    cvStartReadRawData( fs, src, &reader );
+    cvReadRawDataSlice( fs, &reader, CV_NODE_IS_SEQ(src->tag) ?
+                        src->data.seq->total : 1, data, dt );
+}
+
+
+static void
+icvWriteFileNode( CvFileStorage* fs, const char* name, const CvFileNode* node );
+
+static void
+icvWriteCollection( CvFileStorage* fs, const CvFileNode* node )
+{
+    int i, total = node->data.seq->total;
+    int elem_size = node->data.seq->elem_size;
+    int is_map = CV_NODE_IS_MAP(node->tag);
+    CvSeqReader reader;
+
+    cvStartReadSeq( node->data.seq, &reader, 0 );
+
+    for( i = 0; i < total; i++ )
+    {
+        CvFileMapNode* elem = (CvFileMapNode*)reader.ptr;
+        if( !is_map || CV_IS_SET_ELEM(elem) )
+        {
+            const char* name = is_map ? elem->key->str.ptr : 0;
+            icvWriteFileNode( fs, name, &elem->value );
+        }
+        CV_NEXT_SEQ_ELEM( elem_size, reader );
+    }
+}
+
+static void
+icvWriteFileNode( CvFileStorage* fs, const char* name, const CvFileNode* node )
+{
+    switch( CV_NODE_TYPE(node->tag) )
+    {
+    case CV_NODE_INT:
+        fs->write_int( fs, name, node->data.i );
+        break;
+    case CV_NODE_REAL:
+        fs->write_real( fs, name, node->data.f );
+        break;
+    case CV_NODE_STR:
+        fs->write_string( fs, name, node->data.str.ptr, 0 );
+        break;
+    case CV_NODE_SEQ:
+    case CV_NODE_MAP:
+        fs->start_write_struct( fs, name, CV_NODE_TYPE(node->tag) +
+                (CV_NODE_SEQ_IS_SIMPLE(node->data.seq) ? CV_NODE_FLOW : 0),
+                node->info ? node->info->type_name : 0 );
+        icvWriteCollection( fs, node );
+        fs->end_write_struct( fs );
+        break;
+    case CV_NODE_NONE:
+        fs->start_write_struct( fs, name, CV_NODE_SEQ, 0 );
+        fs->end_write_struct( fs );
+        break;
+    default:
+        CV_Error( CV_StsBadFlag, "Unknown type of file node" );
+    }
+}
+
+
+CV_IMPL void
+cvWriteFileNode( CvFileStorage* fs, const char* new_node_name,
+                 const CvFileNode* node, int embed )
+{
+    CvFileStorage* dst = 0;
+    CV_CHECK_OUTPUT_FILE_STORAGE(fs);
+
+    if( !node )
+        return;
+
+    if( CV_NODE_IS_COLLECTION(node->tag) && embed )
+    {
+        icvWriteCollection( fs, node );
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        icvWriteFileNode( fs, new_node_name, node );
+    }
+    /*
+    int i, stream_count;
+    stream_count = fs->roots->total;
+    for( i = 0; i < stream_count; i++ )
+    {
+        CvFileNode* node = (CvFileNode*)cvGetSeqElem( fs->roots, i, 0 );
+        icvDumpCollection( dst, node );
+        if( i < stream_count - 1 )
+            dst->start_next_stream( dst );
+    }*/
+    cvReleaseFileStorage( &dst );
+}
+
+
+CV_IMPL const char*
+cvGetFileNodeName( const CvFileNode* file_node )
+{
+    return file_node && CV_NODE_HAS_NAME(file_node->tag) ?
+        ((CvFileMapNode*)file_node)->key->str.ptr : 0;
+}
+
+/****************************************************************************************\
+*                          Reading/Writing etc. for standard types                       *
+\****************************************************************************************/
+
+/*#define CV_TYPE_NAME_MAT "opencv-matrix"
+#define CV_TYPE_NAME_MATND "opencv-nd-matrix"
+#define CV_TYPE_NAME_SPARSE_MAT "opencv-sparse-matrix"
+#define CV_TYPE_NAME_IMAGE "opencv-image"
+#define CV_TYPE_NAME_SEQ "opencv-sequence"
+#define CV_TYPE_NAME_SEQ_TREE "opencv-sequence-tree"
+#define CV_TYPE_NAME_GRAPH "opencv-graph"*/
+
+/******************************* CvMat ******************************/
+
+static int
+icvIsMat( const void* ptr )
+{
+    return CV_IS_MAT_HDR(ptr);
+}
+
+static void
+icvWriteMat( CvFileStorage* fs, const char* name,
+             const void* struct_ptr, CvAttrList /*attr*/ )
+{
+    const CvMat* mat = (const CvMat*)struct_ptr;
+    char dt[16];
+    CvSize size;
+    int y;
+
+    assert( CV_IS_MAT(mat) );
+
+    cvStartWriteStruct( fs, name, CV_NODE_MAP, CV_TYPE_NAME_MAT );
+    cvWriteInt( fs, "rows", mat->rows );
+    cvWriteInt( fs, "cols", mat->cols );
+    cvWriteString( fs, "dt", icvEncodeFormat( CV_MAT_TYPE(mat->type), dt ), 0 );
+    cvStartWriteStruct( fs, "data", CV_NODE_SEQ + CV_NODE_FLOW );
+
+    size = cvGetSize(mat);
+    if( CV_IS_MAT_CONT(mat->type) )
+    {
+        size.width *= size.height;
+        size.height = 1;
+    }
+
+    for( y = 0; y < size.height; y++ )
+        cvWriteRawData( fs, mat->data.ptr + y*mat->step, size.width, dt );
+    cvEndWriteStruct( fs );
+    cvEndWriteStruct( fs );
+}
+
+
+static int
+icvFileNodeSeqLen( CvFileNode* node )
+{
+    return CV_NODE_IS_COLLECTION(node->tag) ? node->data.seq->total :
+           CV_NODE_TYPE(node->tag) != CV_NODE_NONE;
+}
+
+
+static void*
+icvReadMat( CvFileStorage* fs, CvFileNode* node )
+{
+    void* ptr = 0;
+    CvMat* mat;
+    const char* dt;
+    CvFileNode* data;
+    int rows, cols, elem_type;
+
+    rows = cvReadIntByName( fs, node, "rows", 0 );
+    cols = cvReadIntByName( fs, node, "cols", 0 );
+    dt = cvReadStringByName( fs, node, "dt", 0 );
+
+    if( rows == 0 || cols == 0 || dt == 0 )
+        CV_Error( CV_StsError, "Some of essential matrix attributes are absent" );
+
+    elem_type = icvDecodeSimpleFormat( dt );
+
+    data = cvGetFileNodeByName( fs, node, "data" );
+    if( !data )
+        CV_Error( CV_StsError, "The matrix data is not found in file storage" );
+
+    if( icvFileNodeSeqLen( data ) != rows*cols*CV_MAT_CN(elem_type) )
+        CV_Error( CV_StsUnmatchedSizes,
+        "The matrix size does not match to the number of stored elements" );
+
+    mat = cvCreateMat( rows, cols, elem_type );
+    cvReadRawData( fs, data, mat->data.ptr, dt );
+
+    ptr = mat;
+    return ptr;
+}
+
+
+/******************************* CvMatND ******************************/
+
+static int
+icvIsMatND( const void* ptr )
+{
+    return CV_IS_MATND(ptr);
+}
+
+
+static void
+icvWriteMatND( CvFileStorage* fs, const char* name,
+               const void* struct_ptr, CvAttrList /*attr*/ )
+{
+    void* mat = (void*)struct_ptr;
+    CvMatND stub;
+    CvNArrayIterator iterator;
+    int dims, sizes[CV_MAX_DIM];
+    char dt[16];
+
+    assert( CV_IS_MATND(mat) );
+
+    cvStartWriteStruct( fs, name, CV_NODE_MAP, CV_TYPE_NAME_MATND );
+    dims = cvGetDims( mat, sizes );
+    cvStartWriteStruct( fs, "sizes", CV_NODE_SEQ + CV_NODE_FLOW );
+    cvWriteRawData( fs, sizes, dims, "i" );
+    cvEndWriteStruct( fs );
+    cvWriteString( fs, "dt", icvEncodeFormat( cvGetElemType(mat), dt ), 0 );
+    cvStartWriteStruct( fs, "data", CV_NODE_SEQ + CV_NODE_FLOW );
+
+    cvInitNArrayIterator( 1, &mat, 0, &stub, &iterator );
+
+    do
+        cvWriteRawData( fs, iterator.ptr[0], iterator.size.width, dt );
+    while( cvNextNArraySlice( &iterator ));
+    cvEndWriteStruct( fs );
+    cvEndWriteStruct( fs );
+}
+
+
+static void*
+icvReadMatND( CvFileStorage* fs, CvFileNode* node )
+{
+    void* ptr = 0;
+    CvMatND* mat;
+    const char* dt;
+    CvFileNode* data;
+    CvFileNode* sizes_node;
+    int sizes[CV_MAX_DIM], dims, elem_type;
+    int i, total_size;
+
+    sizes_node = cvGetFileNodeByName( fs, node, "sizes" );
+    dt = cvReadStringByName( fs, node, "dt", 0 );
+
+    if( !sizes_node || !dt )
+        CV_Error( CV_StsError, "Some of essential matrix attributes are absent" );
+
+    dims = CV_NODE_IS_SEQ(sizes_node->tag) ? sizes_node->data.seq->total :
+           CV_NODE_IS_INT(sizes_node->tag) ? 1 : -1;
+
+    if( dims <= 0 || dims > CV_MAX_DIM )
+        CV_Error( CV_StsParseError, "Could not determine the matrix dimensionality" );
+
+    cvReadRawData( fs, sizes_node, sizes, "i" );
+    elem_type = icvDecodeSimpleFormat( dt );
+
+    data = cvGetFileNodeByName( fs, node, "data" );
+    if( !data )
+        CV_Error( CV_StsError, "The matrix data is not found in file storage" );
+
+    for( total_size = CV_MAT_CN(elem_type), i = 0; i < dims; i++ )
+        total_size *= sizes[i];
+
+    if( icvFileNodeSeqLen( data ) != total_size )
+        CV_Error( CV_StsUnmatchedSizes,
+        "The matrix size does not match to the number of stored elements" );
+
+    mat = cvCreateMatND( dims, sizes, elem_type );
+    cvReadRawData( fs, data, mat->data.ptr, dt );
+
+    ptr = mat;
+    return ptr;
+}
+
+
+/******************************* CvSparseMat ******************************/
+
+static int
+icvIsSparseMat( const void* ptr )
+{
+    return CV_IS_SPARSE_MAT(ptr);
+}
+
+
+static int
+icvSortIdxCmpFunc( const void* _a, const void* _b, void* userdata )
+{
+    int i, dims = *(int*)userdata;
+    const int* a = *(const int**)_a;
+    const int* b = *(const int**)_b;
+
+    for( i = 0; i < dims; i++ )
+    {
+        int delta = a[i] - b[i];
+        if( delta )
+            return delta;
+    }
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+
+static void
+icvWriteSparseMat( CvFileStorage* fs, const char* name,
+                   const void* struct_ptr, CvAttrList /*attr*/ )
+{
+    CvMemStorage* memstorage = 0;
+    const CvSparseMat* mat = (const CvSparseMat*)struct_ptr;
+    CvSparseMatIterator iterator;
+    CvSparseNode* node;
+    CvSeq* elements;
+    CvSeqReader reader;
+    int i, dims;
+    int *prev_idx = 0;
+    char dt[16];
+
+    assert( CV_IS_SPARSE_MAT(mat) );
+
+    memstorage = cvCreateMemStorage();
+
+    cvStartWriteStruct( fs, name, CV_NODE_MAP, CV_TYPE_NAME_SPARSE_MAT );
+    dims = cvGetDims( mat, 0 );
+
+    cvStartWriteStruct( fs, "sizes", CV_NODE_SEQ + CV_NODE_FLOW );
+    cvWriteRawData( fs, mat->size, dims, "i" );
+    cvEndWriteStruct( fs );
+    cvWriteString( fs, "dt", icvEncodeFormat( CV_MAT_TYPE(mat->type), dt ), 0 );
+    cvStartWriteStruct( fs, "data", CV_NODE_SEQ + CV_NODE_FLOW );
+
+    elements = cvCreateSeq( CV_SEQ_ELTYPE_PTR, sizeof(CvSeq), sizeof(int*), memstorage );
+
+    node = cvInitSparseMatIterator( mat, &iterator );
+    while( node )
+    {
+        int* idx = CV_NODE_IDX( mat, node );
+        cvSeqPush( elements, &idx );
+        node = cvGetNextSparseNode( &iterator );
+    }
+
+    cvSeqSort( elements, icvSortIdxCmpFunc, &dims );
+    cvStartReadSeq( elements, &reader, 0 );
+
+    for( i = 0; i < elements->total; i++ )
+    {
+        int* idx;
+        void* val;
+        int k = 0;
+
+        CV_READ_SEQ_ELEM( idx, reader );
+        if( i > 0 )
+        {
+            for( ; idx[k] == prev_idx[k]; k++ )
+                assert( k < dims );
+            if( k < dims - 1 )
+                fs->write_int( fs, 0, k - dims + 1 );
+        }
+        for( ; k < dims; k++ )
+            fs->write_int( fs, 0, idx[k] );
+        prev_idx = idx;
+
+        node = (CvSparseNode*)((uchar*)idx - mat->idxoffset );
+        val = CV_NODE_VAL( mat, node );
+
+        cvWriteRawData( fs, val, 1, dt );
+    }
+
+    cvEndWriteStruct( fs );
+    cvEndWriteStruct( fs );
+    cvReleaseMemStorage( &memstorage );
+}
+
+
+static void*
+icvReadSparseMat( CvFileStorage* fs, CvFileNode* node )
+{
+    void* ptr = 0;
+    CvSparseMat* mat;
+    const char* dt;
+    CvFileNode* data;
+    CvFileNode* sizes_node;
+    CvSeqReader reader;
+    CvSeq* elements;
+    int* idx;
+    int* sizes = 0, dims, elem_type, cn;
+    int i;
+
+    sizes_node = cvGetFileNodeByName( fs, node, "sizes" );
+    dt = cvReadStringByName( fs, node, "dt", 0 );
+
+    if( !sizes_node || !dt )
+        CV_Error( CV_StsError, "Some of essential matrix attributes are absent" );
+
+    dims = CV_NODE_IS_SEQ(sizes_node->tag) ? sizes_node->data.seq->total :
+           CV_NODE_IS_INT(sizes_node->tag) ? 1 : -1;
+
+    if( dims <= 0 || dims > CV_MAX_DIM_HEAP )
+        CV_Error( CV_StsParseError, "Could not determine sparse matrix dimensionality" );
+
+    sizes = (int*)cvStackAlloc( dims*sizeof(sizes[0]));
+    cvReadRawData( fs, sizes_node, sizes, "i" );
+    elem_type = icvDecodeSimpleFormat( dt );
+
+    data = cvGetFileNodeByName( fs, node, "data" );
+    if( !data || !CV_NODE_IS_SEQ(data->tag) )
+        CV_Error( CV_StsError, "The matrix data is not found in file storage" );
+
+    mat = cvCreateSparseMat( dims, sizes, elem_type );
+
+    cn = CV_MAT_CN(elem_type);
+    idx = (int*)alloca( dims*sizeof(idx[0]) );
+    elements = data->data.seq;
+    cvStartReadRawData( fs, data, &reader );
+
+    for( i = 0; i < elements->total; )
+    {
+        CvFileNode* elem = (CvFileNode*)reader.ptr;
+        uchar* val;
+        int k;
+        if( !CV_NODE_IS_INT(elem->tag ))
+            CV_Error( CV_StsParseError, "Sparse matrix data is corrupted" );
+        k = elem->data.i;
+        if( i > 0 && k >= 0 )
+            idx[dims-1] = k;
+        else
+        {
+            if( i > 0 )
+                k = dims + k - 1;
+            else
+                idx[0] = k, k = 1;
+            for( ; k < dims; k++ )
+            {
+                CV_NEXT_SEQ_ELEM( elements->elem_size, reader );
+                i++;
+                elem = (CvFileNode*)reader.ptr;
+                if( !CV_NODE_IS_INT(elem->tag ) || elem->data.i < 0 )
+                    CV_Error( CV_StsParseError, "Sparse matrix data is corrupted" );
+                idx[k] = elem->data.i;
+            }
+        }
+        CV_NEXT_SEQ_ELEM( elements->elem_size, reader );
+        i++;
+        val = cvPtrND( mat, idx, 0, 1, 0 );
+        cvReadRawDataSlice( fs, &reader, cn, val, dt );
+        i += cn;
+    }
+
+    ptr = mat;
+    return ptr;
+}
+
+
+/******************************* IplImage ******************************/
+
+static int
+icvIsImage( const void* ptr )
+{
+    return CV_IS_IMAGE_HDR(ptr);
+}
+
+static void
+icvWriteImage( CvFileStorage* fs, const char* name,
+               const void* struct_ptr, CvAttrList /*attr*/ )
+{
+    const IplImage* image = (const IplImage*)struct_ptr;
+    char dt_buf[16], *dt;
+    CvSize size;
+    int y, depth;
+
+    assert( CV_IS_IMAGE(image) );
+
+    if( image->dataOrder == IPL_DATA_ORDER_PLANE )
+        CV_Error( CV_StsUnsupportedFormat,
+        "Images with planar data layout are not supported" );
+
+    cvStartWriteStruct( fs, name, CV_NODE_MAP, CV_TYPE_NAME_IMAGE );
+    cvWriteInt( fs, "width", image->width );
+    cvWriteInt( fs, "height", image->height );
+    cvWriteString( fs, "origin", image->origin == IPL_ORIGIN_TL
+                   ? "top-left" : "bottom-left", 0 );
+    cvWriteString( fs, "layout", image->dataOrder == IPL_DATA_ORDER_PLANE
+                   ? "planar" : "interleaved", 0 );
+    if( image->roi )
+    {
+        cvStartWriteStruct( fs, "roi", CV_NODE_MAP + CV_NODE_FLOW );
+        cvWriteInt( fs, "x", image->roi->xOffset );
+        cvWriteInt( fs, "y", image->roi->yOffset );
+        cvWriteInt( fs, "width", image->roi->width );
+        cvWriteInt( fs, "height", image->roi->height );
+        cvWriteInt( fs, "coi", image->roi->coi );
+        cvEndWriteStruct( fs );
+    }
+
+    depth = IplToCvDepth(image->depth);
+    sprintf( dt_buf, "%d%c", image->nChannels, icvTypeSymbol[depth] );
+    dt = dt_buf + (dt_buf[2] == '\0' && dt_buf[0] == '1');
+    cvWriteString( fs, "dt", dt, 0 );
+
+    size = cvSize(image->width, image->height);
+    if( size.width*image->nChannels*CV_ELEM_SIZE(depth) == image->widthStep )
+    {
+        size.width *= size.height;
+        size.height = 1;
+    }
+
+    cvStartWriteStruct( fs, "data", CV_NODE_SEQ + CV_NODE_FLOW );
+    for( y = 0; y < size.height; y++ )
+        cvWriteRawData( fs, image->imageData + y*image->widthStep, size.width, dt );
+    cvEndWriteStruct( fs );
+    cvEndWriteStruct( fs );
+}
+
+
+static void*
+icvReadImage( CvFileStorage* fs, CvFileNode* node )
+{
+    void* ptr = 0;
+    IplImage* image;
+    const char* dt;
+    CvFileNode* data;
+    CvFileNode* roi_node;
+    CvSeqReader reader;
+    CvRect roi;
+    int y, width, height, elem_type, coi, depth;
+    const char* origin, *data_order;
+
+    width = cvReadIntByName( fs, node, "width", 0 );
+    height = cvReadIntByName( fs, node, "height", 0 );
+    dt = cvReadStringByName( fs, node, "dt", 0 );
+    origin = cvReadStringByName( fs, node, "origin", 0 );
+
+    if( width == 0 || height == 0 || dt == 0 || origin == 0 )
+        CV_Error( CV_StsError, "Some of essential image attributes are absent" );
+
+    elem_type = icvDecodeSimpleFormat( dt );
+    data_order = cvReadStringByName( fs, node, "layout", "interleaved" );
+    if( strcmp( data_order, "interleaved" ) != 0 )
+        CV_Error( CV_StsError, "Only interleaved images can be read" );
+
+    data = cvGetFileNodeByName( fs, node, "data" );
+    if( !data )
+        CV_Error( CV_StsError, "The image data is not found in file storage" );
+
+    if( icvFileNodeSeqLen( data ) != width*height*CV_MAT_CN(elem_type) )
+        CV_Error( CV_StsUnmatchedSizes,
+        "The matrix size does not match to the number of stored elements" );
+
+    depth = cvIplDepth(elem_type);
+    image = cvCreateImage( cvSize(width,height), depth, CV_MAT_CN(elem_type) );
+
+    roi_node = cvGetFileNodeByName( fs, node, "roi" );
+    if( roi_node )
+    {
+        roi.x = cvReadIntByName( fs, roi_node, "x", 0 );
+        roi.y = cvReadIntByName( fs, roi_node, "y", 0 );
+        roi.width = cvReadIntByName( fs, roi_node, "width", 0 );
+        roi.height = cvReadIntByName( fs, roi_node, "height", 0 );
+        coi = cvReadIntByName( fs, roi_node, "coi", 0 );
+
+        cvSetImageROI( image, roi );
+        cvSetImageCOI( image, coi );
+    }
+
+    if( width*CV_ELEM_SIZE(elem_type) == image->widthStep )
+    {
+        width *= height;
+        height = 1;
+    }
+
+    width *= CV_MAT_CN(elem_type);
+    cvStartReadRawData( fs, data, &reader );
+    for( y = 0; y < height; y++ )
+    {
+        cvReadRawDataSlice( fs, &reader, width,
+            image->imageData + y*image->widthStep, dt );
+    }
+
+    ptr = image;
+    return ptr;
+}
+
+
+/******************************* CvSeq ******************************/
+
+static int
+icvIsSeq( const void* ptr )
+{
+    return CV_IS_SEQ(ptr);
+}
+
+
+static void
+icvReleaseSeq( void** ptr )
+{
+    if( !ptr )
+        CV_Error( CV_StsNullPtr, "NULL double pointer" );
+    *ptr = 0; // it's impossible now to release seq, so just clear the pointer
+}
+
+
+static void*
+icvCloneSeq( const void* ptr )
+{
+    return cvSeqSlice( (CvSeq*)ptr, CV_WHOLE_SEQ,
+                       0 /* use the same storage as for the original sequence */, 1 );
+}
+
+
+static void
+icvWriteHeaderData( CvFileStorage* fs, const CvSeq* seq,
+                    CvAttrList* attr, int initial_header_size )
+{
+    char header_dt_buf[128];
+    const char* header_dt = cvAttrValue( attr, "header_dt" );
+
+    if( header_dt )
+    {
+        int dt_header_size;
+        dt_header_size = icvCalcElemSize( header_dt, initial_header_size );
+        if( dt_header_size > seq->header_size )
+            CV_Error( CV_StsUnmatchedSizes,
+            "The size of header calculated from \"header_dt\" is greater than header_size" );
+    }
+    else if( seq->header_size > initial_header_size )
+    {
+        if( CV_IS_SEQ(seq) && CV_IS_SEQ_POINT_SET(seq) &&
+            seq->header_size == sizeof(CvPoint2DSeq) &&
+            seq->elem_size == sizeof(int)*2 )
+        {
+            CvPoint2DSeq* point_seq = (CvPoint2DSeq*)seq;
+
+            cvStartWriteStruct( fs, "rect", CV_NODE_MAP + CV_NODE_FLOW );
+            cvWriteInt( fs, "x", point_seq->rect.x );
+            cvWriteInt( fs, "y", point_seq->rect.y );
+            cvWriteInt( fs, "width", point_seq->rect.width );
+            cvWriteInt( fs, "height", point_seq->rect.height );
+            cvEndWriteStruct( fs );
+            cvWriteInt( fs, "color", point_seq->color );
+        }
+        else if( CV_IS_SEQ(seq) && CV_IS_SEQ_CHAIN(seq) &&
+                 CV_MAT_TYPE(seq->flags) == CV_8UC1 )
+        {
+            CvChain* chain = (CvChain*)seq;
+
+            cvStartWriteStruct( fs, "origin", CV_NODE_MAP + CV_NODE_FLOW );
+            cvWriteInt( fs, "x", chain->origin.x );
+            cvWriteInt( fs, "y", chain->origin.y );
+            cvEndWriteStruct( fs );
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            unsigned extra_size = seq->header_size - initial_header_size;
+            // a heuristic to provide nice defaults for sequences of int's & float's
+            if( extra_size % sizeof(int) == 0 )
+                sprintf( header_dt_buf, "%ui", (unsigned)(extra_size/sizeof(int)) );
+            else
+                sprintf( header_dt_buf, "%uu", extra_size );
+            header_dt = header_dt_buf;
+        }
+    }
+
+    if( header_dt )
+    {
+        cvWriteString( fs, "header_dt", header_dt, 0 );
+        cvStartWriteStruct( fs, "header_user_data", CV_NODE_SEQ + CV_NODE_FLOW );
+        cvWriteRawData( fs, (uchar*)seq + sizeof(CvSeq), 1, header_dt );
+        cvEndWriteStruct( fs );
+    }
+}
+
+
+static char*
+icvGetFormat( const CvSeq* seq, const char* dt_key, CvAttrList* attr,
+              int initial_elem_size, char* dt_buf )
+{
+    char* dt = 0;
+    dt = (char*)cvAttrValue( attr, dt_key );
+
+    if( dt )
+    {
+        int dt_elem_size;
+        dt_elem_size = icvCalcElemSize( dt, initial_elem_size );
+        if( dt_elem_size != seq->elem_size )
+            CV_Error( CV_StsUnmatchedSizes,
+            "The size of element calculated from \"dt\" and "
+            "the elem_size do not match" );
+    }
+    else if( CV_MAT_TYPE(seq->flags) != 0 || seq->elem_size == 1 )
+    {
+        int align = CV_MAT_DEPTH(seq->flags) == CV_64F ? sizeof(double) : sizeof(size_t);
+        int full_elem_size = cvAlign(CV_ELEM_SIZE(seq->flags) + initial_elem_size, align);
+        if( seq->elem_size != full_elem_size )
+            CV_Error( CV_StsUnmatchedSizes,
+            "Size of sequence element (elem_size) is inconsistent with seq->flags" );
+        dt = icvEncodeFormat( CV_MAT_TYPE(seq->flags), dt_buf );
+    }
+    else if( seq->elem_size > initial_elem_size )
+    {
+        unsigned extra_elem_size = seq->elem_size - initial_elem_size;
+        // a heuristic to provide nice defaults for sequences of int's & float's
+        if( extra_elem_size % sizeof(int) == 0 )
+            sprintf( dt_buf, "%ui", (unsigned)(extra_elem_size/sizeof(int)) );
+        else
+            sprintf( dt_buf, "%uu", extra_elem_size );
+        dt = dt_buf;
+    }
+
+    return dt;
+}
+
+
+static void
+icvWriteSeq( CvFileStorage* fs, const char* name,
+             const void* struct_ptr,
+             CvAttrList attr, int level )
+{
+    const CvSeq* seq = (CvSeq*)struct_ptr;
+    CvSeqBlock* block;
+    char buf[128];
+    char dt_buf[128], *dt;
+
+    assert( CV_IS_SEQ( seq ));
+    cvStartWriteStruct( fs, name, CV_NODE_MAP, CV_TYPE_NAME_SEQ );
+
+    if( level >= 0 )
+        cvWriteInt( fs, "level", level );
+
+    sprintf( buf, "%08x", seq->flags );
+    cvWriteString( fs, "flags", buf, 1 );
+    cvWriteInt( fs, "count", seq->total );
+    dt = icvGetFormat( seq, "dt", &attr, 0, dt_buf );
+    cvWriteString( fs, "dt", dt, 0 );
+
+    icvWriteHeaderData( fs, seq, &attr, sizeof(CvSeq) );
+    cvStartWriteStruct( fs, "data", CV_NODE_SEQ + CV_NODE_FLOW );
+
+    for( block = seq->first; block; block = block->next )
+    {
+        cvWriteRawData( fs, block->data, block->count, dt );
+        if( block == seq->first->prev )
+            break;
+    }
+    cvEndWriteStruct( fs );
+    cvEndWriteStruct( fs );
+}
+
+
+static void
+icvWriteSeqTree( CvFileStorage* fs, const char* name,
+                 const void* struct_ptr, CvAttrList attr )
+{
+    const CvSeq* seq = (CvSeq*)struct_ptr;
+    const char* recursive_value = cvAttrValue( &attr, "recursive" );
+    int is_recursive = recursive_value &&
+                       strcmp(recursive_value,"0") != 0 &&
+                       strcmp(recursive_value,"false") != 0 &&
+                       strcmp(recursive_value,"False") != 0 &&
+                       strcmp(recursive_value,"FALSE") != 0;
+
+    assert( CV_IS_SEQ( seq ));
+
+    if( !is_recursive )
+    {
+        icvWriteSeq( fs, name, seq, attr, -1 );
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        CvTreeNodeIterator tree_iterator;
+
+        cvStartWriteStruct( fs, name, CV_NODE_MAP, CV_TYPE_NAME_SEQ_TREE );
+        cvStartWriteStruct( fs, "sequences", CV_NODE_SEQ );
+        cvInitTreeNodeIterator( &tree_iterator, seq, INT_MAX );
+
+        for(;;)
+        {
+            if( !tree_iterator.node )
+                break;
+            icvWriteSeq( fs, 0, tree_iterator.node, attr, tree_iterator.level );
+            cvNextTreeNode( &tree_iterator );
+        }
+
+        cvEndWriteStruct( fs );
+        cvEndWriteStruct( fs );
+    }
+}
+
+
+static void*
+icvReadSeq( CvFileStorage* fs, CvFileNode* node )
+{
+    void* ptr = 0;
+    CvSeq* seq;
+    CvSeqBlock* block;
+    CvFileNode *data, *header_node, *rect_node, *origin_node;
+    CvSeqReader reader;
+    int total, flags;
+    int elem_size, header_size = sizeof(CvSeq);
+    int fmt_pairs[CV_FS_MAX_FMT_PAIRS], i, fmt_pair_count;
+    int items_per_elem = 0;
+    const char* flags_str;
+    const char* header_dt;
+    const char* dt;
+    char* endptr = 0;
+
+    flags_str = cvReadStringByName( fs, node, "flags", 0 );
+    total = cvReadIntByName( fs, node, "count", -1 );
+    dt = cvReadStringByName( fs, node, "dt", 0 );
+
+    if( !flags_str || total == -1 || !dt )
+        CV_Error( CV_StsError, "Some of essential sequence attributes are absent" );
+
+    flags = (int)strtol( flags_str, &endptr, 16 );
+    if( endptr == flags_str || (flags & CV_MAGIC_MASK) != CV_SEQ_MAGIC_VAL )
+        CV_Error( CV_StsError, "The sequence flags are invalid" );
+
+    header_dt = cvReadStringByName( fs, node, "header_dt", 0 );
+    header_node = cvGetFileNodeByName( fs, node, "header_user_data" );
+
+    if( (header_dt != 0) ^ (header_node != 0) )
+        CV_Error( CV_StsError,
+        "One of \"header_dt\" and \"header_user_data\" is there, while the other is not" );
+
+    rect_node = cvGetFileNodeByName( fs, node, "rect" );
+    origin_node = cvGetFileNodeByName( fs, node, "origin" );
+
+    if( (header_node != 0) + (rect_node != 0) + (origin_node != 0) > 1 )
+        CV_Error( CV_StsError, "Only one of \"header_user_data\", \"rect\" and \"origin\" tags may occur" );
+
+    if( header_dt )
+    {
+        header_size = icvCalcElemSize( header_dt, header_size );
+    }
+    else if( rect_node )
+        header_size = sizeof(CvPoint2DSeq);
+    else if( origin_node )
+        header_size = sizeof(CvChain);
+
+    elem_size = icvCalcElemSize( dt, 0 );
+    seq = cvCreateSeq( flags, header_size, elem_size, fs->dststorage );
+
+    if( header_node )
+    {
+        cvReadRawData( fs, header_node, (char*)seq + sizeof(CvSeq), header_dt );
+    }
+    else if( rect_node )
+    {
+        CvPoint2DSeq* point_seq = (CvPoint2DSeq*)seq;
+        point_seq->rect.x = cvReadIntByName( fs, rect_node, "x", 0 );
+        point_seq->rect.y = cvReadIntByName( fs, rect_node, "y", 0 );
+        point_seq->rect.width = cvReadIntByName( fs, rect_node, "width", 0 );
+        point_seq->rect.height = cvReadIntByName( fs, rect_node, "height", 0 );
+        point_seq->color = cvReadIntByName( fs, node, "color", 0 );
+    }
+    else if( origin_node )
+    {
+        CvChain* chain = (CvChain*)seq;
+        chain->origin.x = cvReadIntByName( fs, origin_node, "x", 0 );
+        chain->origin.y = cvReadIntByName( fs, origin_node, "y", 0 );
+    }
+
+    cvSeqPushMulti( seq, 0, total, 0 );
+    fmt_pair_count = icvDecodeFormat( dt, fmt_pairs, CV_FS_MAX_FMT_PAIRS );
+    fmt_pair_count *= 2;
+    for( i = 0; i < fmt_pair_count; i += 2 )
+        items_per_elem += fmt_pairs[i];
+
+    data = cvGetFileNodeByName( fs, node, "data" );
+    if( !data )
+        CV_Error( CV_StsError, "The image data is not found in file storage" );
+
+    if( icvFileNodeSeqLen( data ) != total*items_per_elem )
+        CV_Error( CV_StsError, "The number of stored elements does not match to \"count\"" );
+
+    cvStartReadRawData( fs, data, &reader );
+    for( block = seq->first; block; block = block->next )
+    {
+        int delta = block->count*items_per_elem;
+        cvReadRawDataSlice( fs, &reader, delta, block->data, dt );
+        if( block == seq->first->prev )
+            break;
+    }
+
+    ptr = seq;
+    return ptr;
+}
+
+
+static void*
+icvReadSeqTree( CvFileStorage* fs, CvFileNode* node )
+{
+    void* ptr = 0;
+    CvFileNode *sequences_node = cvGetFileNodeByName( fs, node, "sequences" );
+    CvSeq* sequences;
+    CvSeq* root = 0;
+    CvSeq* parent = 0;
+    CvSeq* prev_seq = 0;
+    CvSeqReader reader;
+    int i, total;
+    int prev_level = 0;
+
+    if( !sequences_node || !CV_NODE_IS_SEQ(sequences_node->tag) )
+        CV_Error( CV_StsParseError,
+        "opencv-sequence-tree instance should contain a field \"sequences\" that should be a sequence" );
+
+    sequences = sequences_node->data.seq;
+    total = sequences->total;
+
+    cvStartReadSeq( sequences, &reader, 0 );
+    for( i = 0; i < total; i++ )
+    {
+        CvFileNode* elem = (CvFileNode*)reader.ptr;
+        CvSeq* seq;
+        int level;
+        seq = (CvSeq*)cvRead( fs, elem );
+        level = cvReadIntByName( fs, elem, "level", -1 );
+        if( level < 0 )
+            CV_Error( CV_StsParseError, "All the sequence tree nodes should contain \"level\" field" );
+        if( !root )
+            root = seq;
+        if( level > prev_level )
+        {
+            assert( level == prev_level + 1 );
+            parent = prev_seq;
+            prev_seq = 0;
+            if( parent )
+                parent->v_next = seq;
+        }
+        else if( level < prev_level )
+        {
+            for( ; prev_level > level; prev_level-- )
+                prev_seq = prev_seq->v_prev;
+            parent = prev_seq->v_prev;
+        }
+        seq->h_prev = prev_seq;
+        if( prev_seq )
+            prev_seq->h_next = seq;
+        seq->v_prev = parent;
+        prev_seq = seq;
+        prev_level = level;
+        CV_NEXT_SEQ_ELEM( sequences->elem_size, reader );
+    }
+
+    ptr = root;
+    return ptr;
+}
+
+/******************************* CvGraph ******************************/
+
+static int
+icvIsGraph( const void* ptr )
+{
+    return CV_IS_GRAPH(ptr);
+}
+
+
+static void
+icvReleaseGraph( void** ptr )
+{
+    if( !ptr )
+        CV_Error( CV_StsNullPtr, "NULL double pointer" );
+
+    *ptr = 0; // it's impossible now to release graph, so just clear the pointer
+}
+
+
+static void*
+icvCloneGraph( const void* ptr )
+{
+    return cvCloneGraph( (const CvGraph*)ptr, 0 );
+}
+
+
+static void
+icvWriteGraph( CvFileStorage* fs, const char* name,
+               const void* struct_ptr, CvAttrList attr )
+{
+    int* flag_buf = 0;
+    char* write_buf = 0;
+    const CvGraph* graph = (const CvGraph*)struct_ptr;
+    CvSeqReader reader;
+    char buf[128];
+    int i, k, vtx_count, edge_count;
+    char vtx_dt_buf[128], *vtx_dt;
+    char edge_dt_buf[128], *edge_dt;
+    int write_buf_size;
+
+    assert( CV_IS_GRAPH(graph) );
+    vtx_count = cvGraphGetVtxCount( graph );
+    edge_count = cvGraphGetEdgeCount( graph );
+    flag_buf = (int*)cvAlloc( vtx_count*sizeof(flag_buf[0]));
+
+    // count vertices
+    cvStartReadSeq( (CvSeq*)graph, &reader );
+    for( i = 0, k = 0; i < graph->total; i++ )
+    {
+        if( CV_IS_SET_ELEM( reader.ptr ))
+        {
+            CvGraphVtx* vtx = (CvGraphVtx*)reader.ptr;
+            flag_buf[k] = vtx->flags;
+            vtx->flags = k++;
+        }
+        CV_NEXT_SEQ_ELEM( graph->elem_size, reader );
+    }
+
+    // write header
+    cvStartWriteStruct( fs, name, CV_NODE_MAP, CV_TYPE_NAME_GRAPH );
+
+    sprintf( buf, "%08x", graph->flags );
+    cvWriteString( fs, "flags", buf, 1 );
+
+    cvWriteInt( fs, "vertex_count", vtx_count );
+    vtx_dt = icvGetFormat( (CvSeq*)graph, "vertex_dt",
+                    &attr, sizeof(CvGraphVtx), vtx_dt_buf );
+    if( vtx_dt )
+        cvWriteString( fs, "vertex_dt", vtx_dt, 0 );
+
+    cvWriteInt( fs, "edge_count", edge_count );
+    edge_dt = icvGetFormat( (CvSeq*)graph->edges, "edge_dt",
+                                &attr, sizeof(CvGraphEdge), buf );
+    sprintf( edge_dt_buf, "2if%s", edge_dt ? edge_dt : "" );
+    edge_dt = edge_dt_buf;
+    cvWriteString( fs, "edge_dt", edge_dt, 0 );
+
+    icvWriteHeaderData( fs, (CvSeq*)graph, &attr, sizeof(CvGraph) );
+
+    write_buf_size = MAX( 3*graph->elem_size, 1 << 16 );
+    write_buf_size = MAX( 3*graph->edges->elem_size, write_buf_size );
+    write_buf = (char*)cvAlloc( write_buf_size );
+
+    // as vertices and edges are written in similar way,
+    // do it as a parametrized 2-iteration loop
+    for( k = 0; k < 2; k++ )
+    {
+        const char* dt = k == 0 ? vtx_dt : edge_dt;
+        if( dt )
+        {
+            CvSet* data = k == 0 ? (CvSet*)graph : graph->edges;
+            int elem_size = data->elem_size;
+            int write_elem_size = icvCalcElemSize( dt, 0 );
+            char* src_ptr = write_buf;
+            int write_max = write_buf_size / write_elem_size, write_count = 0;
+
+            // alignment of user part of the edge data following 2if
+            int edge_user_align = sizeof(float);
+
+            if( k == 1 )
+            {
+                int fmt_pairs[CV_FS_MAX_FMT_PAIRS], fmt_pair_count;
+                fmt_pair_count = icvDecodeFormat( dt, fmt_pairs, CV_FS_MAX_FMT_PAIRS );
+                if( fmt_pair_count > 2 || CV_ELEM_SIZE(fmt_pairs[2*2+1]) >= (int)sizeof(double))
+                    edge_user_align = sizeof(double);
+            }
+
+            cvStartWriteStruct( fs, k == 0 ? "vertices" : "edges",
+                                CV_NODE_SEQ + CV_NODE_FLOW );
+            cvStartReadSeq( (CvSeq*)data, &reader );
+            for( i = 0; i < data->total; i++ )
+            {
+                if( CV_IS_SET_ELEM( reader.ptr ))
+                {
+                    if( k == 0 ) // vertices
+                        memcpy( src_ptr, reader.ptr + sizeof(CvGraphVtx), write_elem_size );
+                    else
+                    {
+                        CvGraphEdge* edge = (CvGraphEdge*)reader.ptr;
+                        src_ptr = (char*)cvAlignPtr( src_ptr, sizeof(int) );
+                        ((int*)src_ptr)[0] = edge->vtx[0]->flags;
+                        ((int*)src_ptr)[1] = edge->vtx[1]->flags;
+                        *(float*)(src_ptr + sizeof(int)*2) = edge->weight;
+                        if( elem_size > (int)sizeof(CvGraphEdge) )
+                        {
+                            char* src_ptr2 = (char*)cvAlignPtr( src_ptr + 2*sizeof(int)
+                                                + sizeof(float), edge_user_align );
+                            memcpy( src_ptr2, edge + 1, elem_size - sizeof(CvGraphEdge) );
+                        }
+                    }
+                    src_ptr += write_elem_size;
+                    if( ++write_count >= write_max )
+                    {
+                        cvWriteRawData( fs, write_buf, write_count, dt );
+                        write_count = 0;
+                        src_ptr = write_buf;
+                    }
+                }
+                CV_NEXT_SEQ_ELEM( data->elem_size, reader );
+            }
+
+            if( write_count > 0 )
+                cvWriteRawData( fs, write_buf, write_count, dt );
+            cvEndWriteStruct( fs );
+        }
+    }
+
+    cvEndWriteStruct( fs );
+
+    // final stage. restore the graph flags
+    cvStartReadSeq( (CvSeq*)graph, &reader );
+    vtx_count = 0;
+    for( i = 0; i < graph->total; i++ )
+    {
+        if( CV_IS_SET_ELEM( reader.ptr ))
+            ((CvGraphVtx*)reader.ptr)->flags = flag_buf[vtx_count++];
+        CV_NEXT_SEQ_ELEM( graph->elem_size, reader );
+    }
+
+    cvFree( &write_buf );
+    cvFree( &flag_buf );
+}
+
+
+static void*
+icvReadGraph( CvFileStorage* fs, CvFileNode* node )
+{
+    void* ptr = 0;
+    char* read_buf = 0;
+    CvGraphVtx** vtx_buf = 0;
+    CvGraph* graph;
+    CvFileNode *header_node, *vtx_node, *edge_node;
+    int flags, vtx_count, edge_count;
+    int vtx_size = sizeof(CvGraphVtx), edge_size, header_size = sizeof(CvGraph);
+    int src_vtx_size = 0, src_edge_size;
+    int fmt_pairs[CV_FS_MAX_FMT_PAIRS], fmt_pair_count;
+    int vtx_items_per_elem = 0, edge_items_per_elem = 0;
+    int edge_user_align = sizeof(float);
+    int read_buf_size;
+    int i, k;
+    const char* flags_str;
+    const char* header_dt;
+    const char* vtx_dt;
+    const char* edge_dt;
+    char* endptr = 0;
+
+    flags_str = cvReadStringByName( fs, node, "flags", 0 );
+    vtx_dt = cvReadStringByName( fs, node, "vertex_dt", 0 );
+    edge_dt = cvReadStringByName( fs, node, "edge_dt", 0 );
+    vtx_count = cvReadIntByName( fs, node, "vertex_count", -1 );
+    edge_count = cvReadIntByName( fs, node, "edge_count", -1 );
+
+    if( !flags_str || vtx_count == -1 || edge_count == -1 || !edge_dt )
+        CV_Error( CV_StsError, "Some of essential sequence attributes are absent" );
+
+    flags = (int)strtol( flags_str, &endptr, 16 );
+    if( endptr == flags_str ||
+        (flags & (CV_SEQ_KIND_MASK|CV_MAGIC_MASK)) != (CV_GRAPH|CV_SET_MAGIC_VAL))
+        CV_Error( CV_StsError, "Invalid graph signature" );
+
+    header_dt = cvReadStringByName( fs, node, "header_dt", 0 );
+    header_node = cvGetFileNodeByName( fs, node, "header_user_data" );
+
+    if( (header_dt != 0) ^ (header_node != 0) )
+        CV_Error( CV_StsError,
+        "One of \"header_dt\" and \"header_user_data\" is there, while the other is not" );
+
+    if( header_dt )
+        header_size = icvCalcElemSize( header_dt, header_size );
+
+    if( vtx_dt > 0 )
+    {
+        src_vtx_size = icvCalcElemSize( vtx_dt, 0 );
+        vtx_size = icvCalcElemSize( vtx_dt, vtx_size );
+        fmt_pair_count = icvDecodeFormat( edge_dt,
+                            fmt_pairs, CV_FS_MAX_FMT_PAIRS );
+        fmt_pair_count *= 2;
+        for( i = 0; i < fmt_pair_count; i += 2 )
+            vtx_items_per_elem += fmt_pairs[i];
+    }
+
+    {
+        char dst_edge_dt_buf[128];
+        const char* dst_edge_dt = 0;
+
+        fmt_pair_count = icvDecodeFormat( edge_dt,
+                            fmt_pairs, CV_FS_MAX_FMT_PAIRS );
+        if( fmt_pair_count < 2 ||
+            fmt_pairs[0] != 2 || fmt_pairs[1] != CV_32S ||
+            fmt_pairs[2] < 1 || fmt_pairs[3] != CV_32F )
+            CV_Error( CV_StsBadArg,
+            "Graph edges should start with 2 integers and a float" );
+
+        // alignment of user part of the edge data following 2if
+        if( fmt_pair_count > 2 && CV_ELEM_SIZE(fmt_pairs[5]) >= (int)sizeof(double))
+            edge_user_align = sizeof(double);
+
+        fmt_pair_count *= 2;
+        for( i = 0; i < fmt_pair_count; i += 2 )
+            edge_items_per_elem += fmt_pairs[i];
+
+        if( edge_dt[2] == 'f' || (edge_dt[2] == '1' && edge_dt[3] == 'f') )
+            dst_edge_dt = edge_dt + 3 + isdigit(edge_dt[2]);
+        else
+        {
+            int val = (int)strtol( edge_dt + 2, &endptr, 10 );
+            sprintf( dst_edge_dt_buf, "%df%s", val-1, endptr );
+            dst_edge_dt = dst_edge_dt_buf;
+        }
+
+        edge_size = icvCalcElemSize( dst_edge_dt, sizeof(CvGraphEdge) );
+        src_edge_size = icvCalcElemSize( edge_dt, 0 );
+    }
+
+    graph = cvCreateGraph( flags, header_size, vtx_size, edge_size, fs->dststorage );
+
+    if( header_node )
+        cvReadRawData( fs, header_node, (char*)graph + sizeof(CvGraph), header_dt );
+
+    read_buf_size = MAX( src_vtx_size*3, 1 << 16 );
+    read_buf_size = MAX( src_edge_size*3, read_buf_size );
+    read_buf = (char*)cvAlloc( read_buf_size );
+    vtx_buf = (CvGraphVtx**)cvAlloc( vtx_count * sizeof(vtx_buf[0]) );
+
+    vtx_node = cvGetFileNodeByName( fs, node, "vertices" );
+    edge_node = cvGetFileNodeByName( fs, node, "edges" );
+    if( !edge_node )
+        CV_Error( CV_StsBadArg, "No edges data" );
+    if( vtx_dt && !vtx_node )
+        CV_Error( CV_StsBadArg, "No vertices data" );
+
+    // as vertices and edges are read in similar way,
+    // do it as a parametrized 2-iteration loop
+    for( k = 0; k < 2; k++ )
+    {
+        const char* dt = k == 0 ? vtx_dt : edge_dt;
+        int elem_size = k == 0 ? vtx_size : edge_size;
+        int src_elem_size = k == 0 ? src_vtx_size : src_edge_size;
+        int items_per_elem = k == 0 ? vtx_items_per_elem : edge_items_per_elem;
+        int elem_count = k == 0 ? vtx_count : edge_count;
+        char* dst_ptr = read_buf;
+        int read_max = read_buf_size /MAX(src_elem_size, 1), read_count = 0;
+        CvSeqReader reader;
+        cvStartReadRawData( fs, k == 0 ? vtx_node : edge_node, &reader );
+
+        for( i = 0; i < elem_count; i++ )
+        {
+            if( read_count == 0 && dt )
+            {
+                int count = MIN( elem_count - i, read_max )*items_per_elem;
+                cvReadRawDataSlice( fs, &reader, count, read_buf, dt );
+                read_count = count;
+                dst_ptr = read_buf;
+            }
+
+            if( k == 0 )
+            {
+                CvGraphVtx* vtx;
+                cvGraphAddVtx( graph, 0, &vtx );
+                vtx_buf[i] = vtx;
+                if( dt )
+                    memcpy( vtx + 1, dst_ptr, src_elem_size );
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                CvGraphEdge* edge = 0;
+                int vtx1 = ((int*)dst_ptr)[0];
+                int vtx2 = ((int*)dst_ptr)[1];
+                int result;
+
+                if( (unsigned)vtx1 >= (unsigned)vtx_count ||
+                    (unsigned)vtx2 >= (unsigned)vtx_count )
+                    CV_Error( CV_StsOutOfRange,
+                    "Some of stored vertex indices are out of range" );
+
+                result = cvGraphAddEdgeByPtr( graph,
+                    vtx_buf[vtx1], vtx_buf[vtx2], 0, &edge );
+
+                if( result == 0 )
+                    CV_Error( CV_StsBadArg, "Duplicated edge has occured" );
+
+                edge->weight = *(float*)(dst_ptr + sizeof(int)*2);
+                if( elem_size > (int)sizeof(CvGraphEdge) )
+                {
+                    char* dst_ptr2 = (char*)cvAlignPtr( dst_ptr + sizeof(int)*2 +
+                                                sizeof(float), edge_user_align );
+                    memcpy( edge + 1, dst_ptr2, elem_size - sizeof(CvGraphEdge) );
+                }
+            }
+
+            dst_ptr += src_elem_size;
+            read_count--;
+        }
+    }
+
+    ptr = graph;
+    cvFree( &read_buf );
+    cvFree( &vtx_buf );
+
+    return ptr;
+}
+
+/****************************************************************************************\
+*                                    RTTI Functions                                      *
+\****************************************************************************************/
+
+CvTypeInfo *CvType::first = 0, *CvType::last = 0;
+
+CvType::CvType( const char* type_name,
+                CvIsInstanceFunc is_instance, CvReleaseFunc release,
+                CvReadFunc read, CvWriteFunc write, CvCloneFunc clone )
+{
+    CvTypeInfo _info;
+    _info.flags = 0;
+    _info.header_size = sizeof(_info);
+    _info.type_name = type_name;
+    _info.prev = _info.next = 0;
+    _info.is_instance = is_instance;
+    _info.release = release;
+    _info.clone = clone;
+    _info.read = read;
+    _info.write = write;
+
+    cvRegisterType( &_info );
+    info = first;
+}
+
+
+CvType::~CvType()
+{
+    cvUnregisterType( info->type_name );
+}
+
+
+CvType seq_type( CV_TYPE_NAME_SEQ, icvIsSeq, icvReleaseSeq, icvReadSeq,
+                 icvWriteSeqTree /* this is the entry point for
+                 writing a single sequence too */, icvCloneSeq );
+
+CvType seq_tree_type( CV_TYPE_NAME_SEQ_TREE, icvIsSeq, icvReleaseSeq,
+                      icvReadSeqTree, icvWriteSeqTree, icvCloneSeq );
+
+CvType seq_graph_type( CV_TYPE_NAME_GRAPH, icvIsGraph, icvReleaseGraph,
+                       icvReadGraph, icvWriteGraph, icvCloneGraph );
+
+CvType sparse_mat_type( CV_TYPE_NAME_SPARSE_MAT, icvIsSparseMat,
+                        (CvReleaseFunc)cvReleaseSparseMat, icvReadSparseMat,
+                        icvWriteSparseMat, (CvCloneFunc)cvCloneSparseMat );
+
+CvType image_type( CV_TYPE_NAME_IMAGE, icvIsImage, (CvReleaseFunc)cvReleaseImage,
+                   icvReadImage, icvWriteImage, (CvCloneFunc)cvCloneImage );
+
+CvType mat_type( CV_TYPE_NAME_MAT, icvIsMat, (CvReleaseFunc)cvReleaseMat,
+                 icvReadMat, icvWriteMat, (CvCloneFunc)cvCloneMat );
+
+CvType matnd_type( CV_TYPE_NAME_MATND, icvIsMatND, (CvReleaseFunc)cvReleaseMatND,
+                   icvReadMatND, icvWriteMatND, (CvCloneFunc)cvCloneMatND );
+
+CV_IMPL  void
+cvRegisterType( const CvTypeInfo* _info )
+{
+    CvTypeInfo* info = 0;
+    int i, len;
+    char c;
+
+    //if( !CvType::first )
+    //    icvCreateStandardTypes();
+
+    if( !_info || _info->header_size != sizeof(CvTypeInfo) )
+        CV_Error( CV_StsBadSize, "Invalid type info" );
+
+    if( !_info->is_instance || !_info->release ||
+        !_info->read || !_info->write )
+        CV_Error( CV_StsNullPtr,
+        "Some of required function pointers "
+        "(is_instance, release, read or write) are NULL");
+
+    c = _info->type_name[0];
+    if( !isalpha(c) && c != '_' )
+        CV_Error( CV_StsBadArg, "Type name should start with a letter or _" );
+
+    len = (int)strlen(_info->type_name);
+
+    for( i = 0; i < len; i++ )
+    {
+        c = _info->type_name[i];
+        if( !isalnum(c) && c != '-' && c != '_' )
+            CV_Error( CV_StsBadArg,
+            "Type name should contain only letters, digits, - and _" );
+    }
+
+    info = (CvTypeInfo*)malloc( sizeof(*info) + len + 1 );
+
+    *info = *_info;
+    info->type_name = (char*)(info + 1);
+    memcpy( (char*)info->type_name, _info->type_name, len + 1 );
+
+    info->flags = 0;
+    info->next = CvType::first;
+    info->prev = 0;
+    if( CvType::first )
+        CvType::first->prev = info;
+    else
+        CvType::last = info;
+    CvType::first = info;
+}
+
+
+CV_IMPL void
+cvUnregisterType( const char* type_name )
+{
+    CvTypeInfo* info;
+
+    info = cvFindType( type_name );
+    if( info )
+    {
+        if( info->prev )
+            info->prev->next = info->next;
+        else
+            CvType::first = info->next;
+
+        if( info->next )
+            info->next->prev = info->prev;
+        else
+            CvType::last = info->prev;
+
+        if( !CvType::first || !CvType::last )
+            CvType::first = CvType::last = 0;
+
+        free( info );
+    }
+}
+
+
+CV_IMPL CvTypeInfo*
+cvFirstType( void )
+{
+    return CvType::first;
+}
+
+
+CV_IMPL CvTypeInfo*
+cvFindType( const char* type_name )
+{
+    CvTypeInfo* info = 0;
+
+    for( info = CvType::first; info != 0; info = info->next )
+        if( strcmp( info->type_name, type_name ) == 0 )
+            break;
+
+    return info;
+}
+
+
+CV_IMPL CvTypeInfo*
+cvTypeOf( const void* struct_ptr )
+{
+    CvTypeInfo* info = 0;
+
+    for( info = CvType::first; info != 0; info = info->next )
+        if( info->is_instance( struct_ptr ))
+            break;
+
+    return info;
+}
+
+
+/* universal functions */
+CV_IMPL void
+cvRelease( void** struct_ptr )
+{
+    CvTypeInfo* info;
+
+    if( !struct_ptr )
+        CV_Error( CV_StsNullPtr, "NULL double pointer" );
+
+    if( *struct_ptr )
+    {
+        info = cvTypeOf( *struct_ptr );
+        if( !info )
+            CV_Error( CV_StsError, "Unknown object type" );
+        if( !info->release )
+            CV_Error( CV_StsError, "release function pointer is NULL" );
+
+        info->release( struct_ptr );
+        *struct_ptr = 0;
+    }
+}
+
+
+void* cvClone( const void* struct_ptr )
+{
+    void* struct_copy = 0;
+    CvTypeInfo* info;
+
+    if( !struct_ptr )
+        CV_Error( CV_StsNullPtr, "NULL structure pointer" );
+
+    info = cvTypeOf( struct_ptr );
+    if( !info )
+        CV_Error( CV_StsError, "Unknown object type" );
+    if( !info->clone )
+        CV_Error( CV_StsError, "clone function pointer is NULL" );
+
+    struct_copy = info->clone( struct_ptr );
+    return struct_copy;
+}
+
+
+/* reads matrix, image, sequence, graph etc. */
+CV_IMPL void*
+cvRead( CvFileStorage* fs, CvFileNode* node, CvAttrList* list )
+{
+    void* obj = 0;
+    CV_CHECK_FILE_STORAGE( fs );
+
+    if( !node )
+        return 0;
+
+    if( !CV_NODE_IS_USER(node->tag) || !node->info )
+        CV_Error( CV_StsError, "The node does not represent a user object (unknown type?)" );
+
+    obj = node->info->read( fs, node );
+    if( list )
+        *list = cvAttrList(0,0);
+
+    return obj;
+}
+
+
+/* writes matrix, image, sequence, graph etc. */
+CV_IMPL void
+cvWrite( CvFileStorage* fs, const char* name,
+         const void* ptr, CvAttrList attributes )
+{
+    CvTypeInfo* info;
+
+    CV_CHECK_OUTPUT_FILE_STORAGE( fs );
+
+    if( !ptr )
+        CV_Error( CV_StsNullPtr, "Null pointer to the written object" );
+
+    info = cvTypeOf( ptr );
+    if( !info )
+        CV_Error( CV_StsBadArg, "Unknown object" );
+
+    if( !info->write )
+        CV_Error( CV_StsBadArg, "The object does not have write function" );
+
+    info->write( fs, name, ptr, attributes );
+}
+
+
+/* simple API for reading/writing data */
+CV_IMPL void
+cvSave( const char* filename, const void* struct_ptr,
+        const char* _name, const char* comment, CvAttrList attributes )
+{
+    CvFileStorage* fs = 0;
+
+    if( !struct_ptr )
+        CV_Error( CV_StsNullPtr, "NULL object pointer" );
+
+    fs = cvOpenFileStorage( filename, 0, CV_STORAGE_WRITE );
+    if( !fs )
+        CV_Error( CV_StsError, "Could not open the file storage. Check the path and permissions" );
+
+    cv::string name = _name ? cv::string(_name) : cv::FileStorage::getDefaultObjectName(filename);
+
+    if( comment )
+        cvWriteComment( fs, comment, 0 );
+    cvWrite( fs, name.c_str(), struct_ptr, attributes );
+    cvReleaseFileStorage( &fs );
+}
+
+CV_IMPL void*
+cvLoad( const char* filename, CvMemStorage* memstorage,
+        const char* name, const char** _real_name )
+{
+    void* ptr = 0;
+    const char* real_name = 0;
+    CvFileStorage* fs = 0;
+
+    CvFileNode* node = 0;
+    fs = cvOpenFileStorage( filename, memstorage, CV_STORAGE_READ );
+
+    if( !fs )
+        return 0;
+
+    if( name )
+    {
+        node = cvGetFileNodeByName( fs, 0, name );
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        int i, k;
+        for( k = 0; k < fs->roots->total; k++ )
+        {
+            CvSeq* seq;
+            CvSeqReader reader;
+
+            node = (CvFileNode*)cvGetSeqElem( fs->roots, k );
+            if( !CV_NODE_IS_MAP( node->tag ))
+                EXIT;
+            seq = node->data.seq;
+            node = 0;
+
+            cvStartReadSeq( seq, &reader, 0 );
+
+            // find the first element in the map
+            for( i = 0; i < seq->total; i++ )
+            {
+                if( CV_IS_SET_ELEM( reader.ptr ))
+                {
+                    node = (CvFileNode*)reader.ptr;
+                    goto stop_search;
+                }
+                CV_NEXT_SEQ_ELEM( seq->elem_size, reader );
+            }
+        }
+
+stop_search:
+        ;
+    }
+
+    if( !node )
+        CV_Error( CV_StsObjectNotFound, "Could not find the/an object in file storage" );
+
+    real_name = cvGetFileNodeName( node );
+    ptr = cvRead( fs, node, 0 );
+
+    // sanity check
+    if( !memstorage && (CV_IS_SEQ( ptr ) || CV_IS_SET( ptr )) )
+        CV_Error( CV_StsNullPtr,
+        "NULL memory storage is passed - the loaded dynamic structure can not be stored" );
+
+    if( cvGetErrStatus() < 0 )
+    {
+        cvRelease( (void**)&ptr );
+        real_name = 0;
+    }
+
+    if( _real_name)
+    {
+       if (real_name)
+       {
+           *_real_name = (const char*)cvAlloc(strlen(real_name));
+           memcpy((void*)*_real_name, real_name, strlen(real_name));
+       } else {
+           *_real_name = 0;
+       }
+    }
+exit:
+    cvReleaseFileStorage( &fs );
+
+    return ptr;
+}
+
+
+///////////////////////// new C++ interface for CvFileStorage ///////////////////////////
+
+namespace cv
+{
+
+static void getElemSize( const string& fmt, size_t& elemSize, size_t& cn )
+{
+    const char* dt = fmt.c_str();
+    cn = 1;
+    if( isdigit(dt[0]) )
+    {
+        cn = dt[0] - '0';
+        dt++;
+    }
+    char c = dt[0];
+    elemSize = cn*(c == 'u' || c == 'c' ? sizeof(uchar) : c == 'w' || c == 's' ? sizeof(ushort) :
+        c == 'i' ? sizeof(int) : c == 'f' ? sizeof(float) : c == 'd' ? sizeof(double) :
+        c == 'r' ? sizeof(void*) : (size_t)0);
+}
+
+FileStorage::FileStorage()
+{
+    state = UNDEFINED;
+}
+
+FileStorage::FileStorage(const string& filename, int flags)
+{
+    state = UNDEFINED;
+    open( filename, flags );
+}
+
+FileStorage::FileStorage(CvFileStorage* _fs)
+{
+    fs = Ptr<CvFileStorage>(_fs);
+    state = _fs ? NAME_EXPECTED + INSIDE_MAP : UNDEFINED;
+}
+
+FileStorage::~FileStorage()
+{
+    while( structs.size() > 0 )
+    {
+        cvEndWriteStruct(fs);
+        structs.pop_back();
+    }
+}
+
+bool FileStorage::open(const string& filename, int flags)
+{
+    release();
+    fs = Ptr<CvFileStorage>(cvOpenFileStorage( filename.c_str(), 0, flags ));
+    bool ok = isOpened();
+    state = ok ? NAME_EXPECTED + INSIDE_MAP : UNDEFINED;
+    return ok;
+}
+
+bool FileStorage::isOpened() const
+{
+    return !fs.empty();
+}
+
+void FileStorage::release()
+{
+    fs.release();
+    structs.clear();
+    state = UNDEFINED;
+}
+
+FileNode FileStorage::root(int streamidx) const
+{
+    return isOpened() ? FileNode(fs, cvGetRootFileNode(fs, streamidx)) : FileNode();
+}
+
+FileStorage& operator << (FileStorage& fs, const string& str)
+{
+    enum { NAME_EXPECTED = FileStorage::NAME_EXPECTED,
+        VALUE_EXPECTED = FileStorage::VALUE_EXPECTED,
+        INSIDE_MAP = FileStorage::INSIDE_MAP };
+    const char* _str = str.c_str();
+    if( !fs.isOpened() || !_str )
+        return fs;
+    if( *_str == '}' || *_str == ']' )
+    {
+        if( fs.structs.empty() )
+            CV_Error_( CV_StsError, ("Extra closing '%c'", *_str) );
+        if( (*_str == ']' ? '[' : '{') != fs.structs.back() )
+            CV_Error_( CV_StsError,
+            ("The closing '%c' does not match the opening '%c'", *_str, fs.structs.back()));
+        fs.structs.pop_back();
+        fs.state = fs.structs.empty() || fs.structs.back() == '{' ?
+            INSIDE_MAP + NAME_EXPECTED : VALUE_EXPECTED;
+        cvEndWriteStruct( *fs );
+        fs.elname = string();
+    }
+    else if( fs.state == NAME_EXPECTED + INSIDE_MAP )
+    {
+        if( !isalpha(*_str) )
+            CV_Error_( CV_StsError, ("Incorrect element name %s", _str) );
+        fs.elname = str;
+        fs.state = VALUE_EXPECTED + INSIDE_MAP;
+    }
+    else if( (fs.state & 3) == VALUE_EXPECTED )
+    {
+        if( *_str == '{' || *_str == '[' )
+        {
+            fs.structs.push_back(*_str);
+            int flags = *_str++ == '{' ? CV_NODE_MAP : CV_NODE_SEQ;
+            fs.state = flags == CV_NODE_MAP ? INSIDE_MAP +
+                NAME_EXPECTED : VALUE_EXPECTED;
+            if( *_str == ':' )
+            {
+                flags |= CV_NODE_FLOW;
+                _str++;
+            }
+            cvStartWriteStruct( *fs, fs.elname.size() > 0 ? fs.elname.c_str() : 0,
+                flags, *_str ? _str : 0 );
+            fs.elname = string();
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            write( fs, fs.elname, (_str[0] == '\\' && (_str[1] == '{' || _str[1] == '}' ||
+                _str[1] == '[' || _str[1] == ']')) ? string(_str+1) : str );
+            if( fs.state == INSIDE_MAP + VALUE_EXPECTED )
+                fs.state = INSIDE_MAP + NAME_EXPECTED;
+        }
+    }
+    else
+        CV_Error( CV_StsError, "Invalid fs.state" );
+    return fs;
+}
+
+
+void FileStorage::writeRaw( const string& fmt, const uchar* vec, size_t len )
+{
+    if( !isOpened() )
+        return;
+    size_t elemSize, cn;
+    getElemSize( fmt, elemSize, cn );
+    CV_Assert( len % elemSize == 0 );
+    cvWriteRawData( fs, vec, (int)(len/elemSize), fmt.c_str());
+}
+
+
+void FileStorage::writeObj( const string& name, const void* obj )
+{
+    if( !isOpened() )
+        return;
+    cvWrite( fs, name.size() > 0 ? name.c_str() : 0, obj );
+}
+
+
+void* FileNode::readObj() const
+{
+    if( !fs || !node )
+        return 0;
+    return cvRead( (CvFileStorage*)fs, (CvFileNode*)node );
+}
+
+
+FileNodeIterator::FileNodeIterator()
+{
+    fs = 0;
+    container = 0;
+    reader.ptr = 0;
+    remaining = 0;
+}
+
+FileNodeIterator::FileNodeIterator(const CvFileStorage* _fs,
+                                   const CvFileNode* _node, size_t _ofs)
+{
+    if( _fs && _node )
+    {
+        int node_type = _node->tag & FileNode::TYPE_MASK;
+        fs = _fs;
+        container = _node;
+        if( node_type == FileNode::SEQ || node_type == FileNode::MAP )
+        {
+            cvStartReadSeq( _node->data.seq, &reader );
+            remaining = FileNode(_fs, _node).size();
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            reader.ptr = (schar*)_node;
+            reader.seq = 0;
+            remaining = 1;
+        }
+        (*this) += (int)_ofs;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        fs = 0;
+        container = 0;
+        reader.ptr = 0;
+        remaining = 0;
+    }
+}
+
+FileNodeIterator::FileNodeIterator(const FileNodeIterator& it)
+{
+    fs = it.fs;
+    container = it.container;
+    reader = it.reader;
+    remaining = it.remaining;
+}
+
+FileNodeIterator& FileNodeIterator::operator ++()
+{
+    if( remaining > 0 )
+    {
+        if( reader.seq )
+            CV_NEXT_SEQ_ELEM( reader.seq->elem_size, reader );
+        remaining--;
+    }
+    return *this;
+}
+
+FileNodeIterator FileNodeIterator::operator ++(int)
+{
+    FileNodeIterator it = *this;
+    ++(*this);
+    return it;
+}
+
+FileNodeIterator& FileNodeIterator::operator --()
+{
+    if( remaining < FileNode(fs, container).size() )
+    {
+        if( reader.seq )
+            CV_PREV_SEQ_ELEM( reader.seq->elem_size, reader );
+        remaining++;
+    }
+    return *this;
+}
+
+FileNodeIterator FileNodeIterator::operator --(int)
+{
+    FileNodeIterator it = *this;
+    --(*this);
+    return it;
+}
+
+FileNodeIterator& FileNodeIterator::operator += (int ofs)
+{
+    if( ofs == 0 )
+        return *this;
+    if( ofs > 0 )
+        ofs = std::min(ofs, (int)remaining);
+    else
+    {
+        size_t count = FileNode(fs, container).size();
+        ofs = (int)(remaining - std::min(remaining - ofs, count));
+    }
+    remaining -= ofs;
+    if( reader.seq )
+        cvSetSeqReaderPos( &reader, ofs, 1 );
+    return *this;
+}
+
+FileNodeIterator& FileNodeIterator::operator -= (int ofs)
+{
+    return operator += (-ofs);
+}
+
+
+FileNodeIterator& FileNodeIterator::readRaw( const string& fmt, uchar* vec, size_t maxCount )
+{
+    if( fs && container && remaining > 0 )
+    {
+        size_t elem_size, cn;
+        getElemSize( fmt, elem_size, cn );
+        CV_Assert( elem_size > 0 );
+        size_t count = std::min(remaining, maxCount);
+        
+        if( reader.seq )
+        {
+            cvReadRawDataSlice( fs, &reader, (int)count, vec, fmt.c_str() );
+            remaining -= count*cn;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            cvReadRawData( fs, container, vec, fmt.c_str() );
+            remaining = 0;
+        }
+    }
+    return *this;
+}
+    
+void write( FileStorage& fs, const string& name, const Mat& value )
+{
+    CvMat mat = value;
+    cvWrite( *fs, name.size() ? name.c_str() : 0, &mat );
+}
+    
+void write( FileStorage& fs, const string& name, const MatND& value )
+{
+    CvMatND mat = value;
+    cvWrite( *fs, name.size() ? name.c_str() : 0, &mat );
+}
+
+// TODO: the 4 functions below need to be implemented more efficiently 
+void write( FileStorage& fs, const string& name, const SparseMat& value )
+{
+    Ptr<CvSparseMat> mat = (CvSparseMat*)value;
+    cvWrite( *fs, name.size() ? name.c_str() : 0, mat );
+}
+
+
+void read( const FileNode& node, Mat& mat, const Mat& default_mat )
+{
+    if( node.empty() )
+    {
+        default_mat.copyTo(mat);
+        return;
+    }
+    Ptr<CvMat> m = (CvMat*)cvRead((CvFileStorage*)node.fs, (CvFileNode*)*node);
+    CV_Assert(CV_IS_MAT(m));
+    Mat(m).copyTo(mat);
+}
+    
+void read( const FileNode& node, MatND& mat, const MatND& default_mat )
+{
+    if( node.empty() )
+    {
+        default_mat.copyTo(mat);
+        return;
+    }
+    Ptr<CvMatND> m = (CvMatND*)cvRead((CvFileStorage*)node.fs, (CvFileNode*)*node);
+    CV_Assert(CV_IS_MATND(m));
+    MatND(m).copyTo(mat);
+}
+        
+void read( const FileNode& node, SparseMat& mat, const SparseMat& default_mat )
+{
+    if( node.empty() )
+    {
+        default_mat.copyTo(mat);
+        return;
+    }
+    Ptr<CvSparseMat> m = (CvSparseMat*)cvRead((CvFileStorage*)node.fs, (CvFileNode*)*node);
+    CV_Assert(CV_IS_SPARSE_MAT(m));
+    SparseMat(m).copyTo(mat);
+}
+    
+}
+
+/* End of file. */